MAPS OF HISTORY · China in Revolution · ALL CHAPTERS · 1916
China in Revolution, 1911–1949 · THE MAP IN 1916
1916 — Yuan dies — the warlord fracture
WHAT CHANGES ON THE MAP
| China (the Republic, 1912–49) | The Republic of China — the government of the day → Warlord cliques — the fractured republic |
ON THE GROUND
- the Fengtian clique — Zhang Zuolin’s Manchuria: arsenals, railways and Japanese patrons
- the Zhili clique — holders of Peking, its diplomatic recognition and its customs surplus
- Wu Peifu’s central Yangtze — Henan, Hubei, Hunan; broken by the Northern Expedition in 1926
- Yan Xishan’s Shanxi — the “model province” run like a private kingdom behind its mountains, 1911–49
- the Sichuan warlords’ basin — a war of its own for two decades, then Free China’s refuge
- the Yunnan clique — mountain autonomy under Tang Jiyao and Long Yun; the Burma Road’s terminus
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