The fall of Bucharest

6 Dec 1916 — Three months after Romania joins the Allies, Falkenhayn and Mackensen converge on its capital from north and south. The rump army winters in Moldavia; Germany spends the rest of the war running Romanian grain and oil west.

THE MOMENT IN CONTEXT

Germany attacked Verdun because France felt bound to defend the fortress city whatever the cost. Falkenhayn, the German commander, intended to drain French manpower there, though historians still debate exactly what his later memorandum claimed. The battle instead exhausted both armies almost equally. Pétain kept the French defence working by rotating divisions through the fighting quickly and by improving the single supply road into the city.

From Chapter 5 — The Furnaces of The Great War, 1914–1918 (NOV 1916).

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TEACH THIS IN 5 MINUTES

Why it happened — Attrition chosen, not stumbled into. Verdun is the war’s clearest case of attrition as designed strategy rather than accepted byproduct. Its logic required the exchange rate to favor…
The turn — Verdun holds — and consumes its designer. By July, Falkenhayn’s offensive had failed by its own metric and he was dismissed in August — replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the eastern…
What it changed — The arithmetic, honestly. 1916’s ledger: ~300,000 dead at Verdun, ~300,000 more on the Somme, perhaps a million Austro-Hungarian and Russian casualties in the east, Romania…

Then ask the room: Was attrition ever a rational strategy — or a euphemism for having none? The argued answer is on the chapter page →