Haiti and Kenya independence quiz: 8 questions

Deaths outnumbered births on the estates, so planters bought about 30,000 Africans a year. Most adults had known freedom, and many had been soldiers, in Africa, which helps explain the strength of the rising of 1791.

The decree covered only a few hundred free men of colour, and it was cancelled in September. Such reversals taught every group in the colony that Paris would bend to whoever pressed hardest.

Coming after Toussaint’s arrest, the restoration of slavery in Guadeloupe turned collaborators into rebels. Black officers deserted the French, and the war became a war for independence under Dessalines.

Backed by warships, the ordinance turned recognition into a debt. Haiti borrowed to pay the first instalment, creating the “double debt”; France cut the total to 90 million in 1838, and related payments ran until 1947.

Compulsory from 1919–20 for African men over sixteen, the kipande let police and employers track workers. It became the most hated symbol of colonial rule and a target of Harry Thuku’s protests in 1922.

Carried out while many suspected rebels were detained, the plan rewarded loyalist families with secure titles and cash crops. It helped create the landed African class that governed after 1963.

Smaller peoples feared that a Kikuyu- and Luo-led centre would take their land, so KADU demanded regions with protected powers. The 1963 constitution created them; KANU dismantled them by 1965.

Haiti destroyed French power in 1803 but was isolated and charged an indemnity; Kenya’s insurgents lost militarily, yet independence was negotiated and the colonial state passed to the new government intact.