MAPS OF HISTORY · IB HISTORY · TWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE
IB HISTORY · 1789 – 1978 · 12 CHAPTERS
IB History: Haiti and Kenya — notes, maps and essay plans
How the enslaved of the richest colony on earth made Haiti, and how colonised Kenyans lost a war yet won their independence — and what the way each was won meant afterwards.
This page gathers the atlas’s IB notes: where each of its 12 chapters fits the syllabus, the concepts and evidence it supports, practice questions with model essay plans, primary sources, and starting points for the Internal Assessment.
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Where it fits the course
Every chapter’s IB notes name the parts of the course it serves. Across the atlas they add up to this: It is the paired atlas for the Paper 1 Focused Study Independence and Identity, whose page holds a free source-question set.
- Paper 1 · Independence and Identity · 12 CHAPTERS
- Paper 2 · Authoritarian Rule · 2 CHAPTERS
- Paper 2 · Conflict · 4 CHAPTERS
- Paper 2 · Popular Movements · 4 CHAPTERS
- Old course · World history topic 8: Independence movements (1800–2000) · 5 CHAPTERS
Chapter by chapter
The atlas holds 67 points of evidence and 40 primary sources across 12 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 are free, so their evidence is shown here in full; for the others you get one point and the practice question, and the rest waits in the atlas. Each chapter title opens the chapter’s free page, with the full explanation.
1. Saint-Domingue: The Richest Colony
CHAPTER 1 · 1789 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, PERSPECTIVES
EVIDENCE TO USE · ALL 6 POINTS (A FREE CHAPTER)
- In 1789 Saint-Domingue held about 465,000 enslaved people, some 31,000 whites and 28,000 free people of colour, so the enslaved outnumbered the free by about eight to one, a balance no amount of terror could make secure.
- Saint-Domingue supplied roughly two-fifths of the sugar and three-fifths of the coffee consumed in Europe in 1789, more sugar than all of Britain’s Caribbean islands together, which made it France’s most valuable colony.
- Because deaths outnumbered births on the sugar estates, planters bought about 30,000 Africans a year in the late 1780s, so that well over half of the enslaved, and perhaps two-thirds of adults, had been born in Africa.
- The Code Noir of March 1685 defined the enslaved as movable property and prescribed branding and mutilation for runaways, while its promises of food and clothing were rarely enforced, showing law serving the planters’ interest.
- Some 28,000 free people of colour, many of them landowners, were barred by racial laws passed after the 1760s from many offices and professions, which turned a prosperous group into a source of grievance against white rule.
- John Thornton (1993) argues that many captives landed in the 1780s came from the Kingdom of Kongo, then at civil war, so the colony’s plantations held thousands of men with military experience and their own political ideas.
2. The Revolution Crosses the Atlantic
CHAPTER 2 · 1789–1791 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, PERSPECTIVES, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · ALL 5 POINTS (A FREE CHAPTER)
- The National Assembly’s decree of 15 May 1791 gave full political rights only to men of colour born of a free father and a free mother, a few hundred people, and even that was cancelled on 24 September 1791.
- Vincent Ogé, who returned from Paris to demand the rights of free men of colour, led a few hundred armed men near Grande-Rivière in October 1790 and was broken on the wheel at Le Cap in February 1791.
- Enslaved drivers met on the Lenormand de Mézy estate on 14 August 1791, and by tradition a ceremony at Bois Caïman, probably on 21 August, bound the leaders of the rising that began on 22–23 August.
- By the end of 1791 the insurgents of the northern plain had destroyed more than a thousand sugar and coffee estates and killed some 400 to 2,000 whites, counts differing, and held the mountains around Le Cap.
- In December 1791 the insurgent leaders Jean-François and Georges Biassou offered to help restore order in return for freedom for a few hundred of their officers, which shows how limited the early aims of the leadership were.
3. Toussaint Louverture
CHAPTER 3 · 1793–1801 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, SIGNIFICANCE, PERSPECTIVES
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Commissioner Sonthonax proclaimed general emancipation in the North on 29 August 1793, and the National Convention abolished slavery in all French colonies on 4 February 1794, the day after seating Jean-Baptiste Belley, a formerly enslaved deputy.
Practice question: Evaluate the importance of Toussaint Louverture’s leadership in the defeat of Spain and Britain in Saint-Domingue, 1794–1798.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 3 in the atlas.
4. Napoleon’s Expedition
CHAPTER 4 · 1802–1803 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, CONSEQUENCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- General Leclerc sailed from Brest on 14 December 1801, and about 31,000 French soldiers landed in Saint-Domingue in 1802–03, with orders to disarm the colony’s Black army and send its generals to France.
Practice question: “Disease, not the Haitian army, defeated Napoleon’s expedition to Saint-Domingue.” To what extent do you agree?
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 4 in the atlas.
5. Dessalines and the Making of Haiti
CHAPTER 5 · 1804–1820 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, PERSPECTIVES, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- On 1 January 1804 at Gonaïves, Dessalines and his generals declared independence, renounced France for ever and named the country Haiti, the first state in the Americas founded by people who had freed themselves from slavery.
Practice question: Using the sources and your own knowledge, examine how Haiti’s founders defined who belonged to the new nation between 1804 and 1816.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 5 in the atlas.
6. The Price of Recognition
CHAPTER 6 · 1825–1947 · CONCEPTS: CONSEQUENCE, CONTINUITY, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Charles X’s ordinance of 17 April 1825 granted Haiti “full and complete independence” on condition that it pay 150 million francs in five yearly instalments and halve customs duties on French goods.
Practice question: To what extent did the indemnity of 1825 shape the development of the Haitian state up to 1915?
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 6 in the atlas.
7. The White Highlands
CHAPTER 7 · 1895–1939 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, CONSEQUENCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- The Uganda Railway, built between 1896 and 1901 by 31,983 workers recruited in British India, cost about £5.5 million, far above the estimates presented to Parliament, and officials invited settlers to the highlands to make it pay.
Practice question: Examine the ways in which colonial rule in Kenya created the grievances that later fuelled nationalism, 1895–1939.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 7 in the atlas.
8. War, Land and the Oath
CHAPTER 8 · 1939–1952 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, CHANGE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 5
- About 98,000 Kenyan Africans served in the Second World War, and the 11th (East Africa) Division fought in Burma in 1944–45, where men such as Waruhiu Itote, later “General China”, learned that colonisers could be beaten.
Practice question: Discuss the reasons why constitutional nationalism in Kenya failed to prevent the turn to armed resistance, 1945–1952.
4 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 8 in the atlas.
9. The Emergency
CHAPTER 9 · 1952–1960 · CONCEPTS: CONSEQUENCE, PERSPECTIVES, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Kenyatta and five KAU leaders were tried at Kapenguria from December 1952 to April 1953 and sentenced to seven years’ hard labour; the key witness, Rawson Macharia, swore in 1958 that he had been bribed.
Practice question: Evaluate the effects of the Kenya Emergency (1952–1960) on the people of central Kenya.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 9 in the atlas.
10. The Road to Uhuru
CHAPTER 10 · 1960–1963 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, CAUSATION
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 5
- The first Lancaster House conference, from January to February 1960, gave Kenya a Legislative Council of 65 seats with an elected African majority, ending the settlers’ political dominance.
Practice question: “Kenya’s independence was granted by Britain, not won by Kenyans.” Discuss.
4 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 10 in the atlas.
11. Challenges after Independence
CHAPTER 11 · 1963–1978 · CONCEPTS: CONTINUITY, CONSEQUENCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 5
- Somali-speaking northerners who had told a British commission in 1962 that they wanted to join Somalia fought the Shifta War of 1963–67, which ended with the Arusha Memorandum of 28 October 1967.
Practice question: To what extent did Jomo Kenyatta maintain power between 1963 and 1978 through methods inherited from colonial rule?
4 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 11 in the atlas.
12. Two Independences Compared
EPILOGUE · 1804–2025 · CONCEPTS: PERSPECTIVES, CONSEQUENCE, CONTINUITY
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 5
- Haiti’s army destroyed French power in 1803, yet France recognised Haiti only after it accepted an indemnity of 150 million francs in 1825, while Kenya joined the United Nations days after independence in December 1963.
Practice question: Compare and contrast the ways in which Haiti and Kenya achieved independence.
4 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 12 in the atlas.
Practice questions and essay plans
Every chapter ends with a practice question and a model plan: a thesis, three points with evidence and a link back to the question, a counter-argument and a judgement. The plan for chapter 1 is shown in full; for the others, here is the outline, and the rest is in the atlas.
PAPER 2 · TWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 1
Examine the reasons why Saint-Domingue was vulnerable to revolution by 1789.
Saint-Domingue was vulnerable because the system that made it rich also concentrated a huge, mainly African-born enslaved population under extreme violence, while free society was divided by race and by resentment of France. Wealth created the conditions, but the divisions among the free created the opening that the enslaved would later use.
The sugar economy produced a population the colony could not control.
EVIDENCEPlanters bought about 30,000 Africans a year because deaths exceeded births, so well over half of some 465,000 enslaved people, perhaps two-thirds of adults, were African-born, many with military experience in Kongo’s wars.
LINKA majority with memories of freedom and war was a permanent danger to a minority of about 59,000 free people.
Law and violence held the system together, and they bred resistance.
EVIDENCEThe Code Noir of 1685 made the enslaved movable property and prescribed mutilation for runaways; maroon communities survived in the mountains, and the Makandal conspiracy of the 1750s showed that resistance could be organised.
LINKA regime that rested on terror had no reserves of consent once its armed defenders were divided.
Free society was split by colour and by resentment of France.
EVIDENCEAbout 28,000 free people of colour were barred from many offices by laws passed after the 1760s, while white planters resented the exclusif, the law forcing them to trade with French merchants.
LINKWhen France itself entered crisis in 1789, every free group had grievances to press, and none could rely on the others.
One could argue that wealth gave planters the means to suppress revolt, as Jamaica’s planters did, so vulnerability was not inevitable. The colony had survived earlier conspiracies, and without the French Revolution its divisions might have stayed manageable for decades.
The colony was structurally vulnerable because its wealth depended on an African-born majority held down by terror, yet that vulnerability became a revolution only when the crisis in France divided the free. The strongest answer therefore ranks the structural danger first and the divisions among the free as the trigger.
Read the chapter behind this plan: Saint-Domingue: The Richest Colony.
PAPER 2 · TWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 3
Evaluate the importance of Toussaint Louverture’s leadership in the defeat of Spain and Britain in Saint-Domingue, 1794–1798.
Toussaint’s leadership was the most important single factor, because he built the army and made the alliances that turned French emancipation into military victory. Yet his success depended on conditions he did not create: yellow fever, Spain’s exit from the war and the policy of emancipation that made his army loyal to the Republic.
Toussaint built and held a disciplined army.
His diplomacy exploited every rival.
Other forces weakened his enemies.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 3 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: Toussaint Louverture.
PAPER 2 · TWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 10
“Kenya’s independence was granted by Britain, not won by Kenyans.” Discuss.
The statement captures Britain’s control of the timing and setting of decolonisation but understates Kenyan agency. Britain decided to leave under pressures that Kenyans had created, and Kenyan parties shaped the terms of the settlement, from Kenyatta’s release to majimbo. The statement therefore needs careful qualification.
Britain controlled the process.
Kenyans made staying too costly.
Kenyan parties shaped the terms.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 10 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: The Road to Uhuru.
PAPER 2 · TWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 4
“Disease, not the Haitian army, defeated Napoleon’s expedition to Saint-Domingue.” To what extent do you agree?
Disease destroyed the French army, yet it could only do so because the people of Saint-Domingue kept fighting after French policy convinced them they faced re-enslavement. The decisive factor was the political turn of 1802, which united former slaves and free people of colour under Dessalines and let fever and blockade complete the defeat.
Yellow fever devastated the French.
French policy created the unity that made resistance possible.
The Haitian army won the final battles.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 4 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: Napoleon’s Expedition.
Primary sources
Each chapter’s IB notes carry primary sources with their origin and the context you need before reading them. The sources of chapter 1 are shown in full here.
TEXT · CHAPTER 1
The Code Noir (Edict on the policing of the islands of French America)
- CREATOR
- Louis XIV, King of France
- DATE
- March 1685
- ORIGIN
- Royal edict, registered in Saint-Domingue in 1687; articles 38 and 44
Context. The Code Noir was the royal law that governed slavery in the French colonies for a century. Historians debate how far its few protections, such as rations and limits on punishment, were ever applied.
Translation: Maps of History, from the French text of 1685 · original ↗
TEXT · CHAPTER 1
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Articles 1, 2 and 17
- CREATOR
- National Constituent Assembly of France
- DATE
- 26 August 1789
- ORIGIN
- Declaration adopted by the Assembly in Versailles; printed and circulated throughout France and its colonies
Context. News of the Declaration reached Saint-Domingue in the autumn of 1789. It did not mention the colonies or slavery, so planters could cite its defence of property while the enslaved and free people of colour could cite liberty, equality and resistance to oppression.
Translation: Maps of History, from the French text of 1789 · original ↗
DATA · CHAPTER 1
Saint-Domingue in numbers, c. 1789
- CREATOR
- Maps of History, compiled from published data
- DATE
- Figures for 1784–1791
- ORIGIN
- Census figures published by Moreau de Saint-Méry (1797) and the Slave Voyages database, as analysed by James Sweet (2024)
Context. Census figures were collected by colonial officials and planters, who had reasons to under-report the enslaved to reduce a head tax.
| Group or measure | Figure |
|---|---|
| Enslaved people (official count) | c. 465,000 |
| Enslaved people (Geggus reconstruction, 1791) | c. 510,000 |
| Whites | c. 31,000 |
| Free people of colour | c. 28,000 |
| Africans landed, 1784–1791 | c. 263,000 (about 33,000 a year) |
| Share of arrivals from West Central Africa, 1784–1791 | c. 44% |
Data: Moreau de Saint-Méry 1797; slavevoyages.org; Sweet, The Americas 81:2 (2024) · original ↗
Every other source in the atlas (37)
- Chapter 2: The Revolution Crosses the Atlantic
- View of the forty days of fire on the plantations of the plain of Cap-Français Jean-Baptiste Chapuy, after a drawing by Jean-Louis Boquet · 1795
- Who counted as a citizen? French decisions on the colonies, 1790–1794 Maps of History, compiled from the decrees · 1790–1794
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Article 6 (as cited by free people of colour) National Constituent Assembly of France · 26 August 1789
- Chapter 3: Toussaint Louverture
- Proclamation of general emancipation in the North Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, Civil Commissioner of the French Republic · 29 August 1793
- Proclamation from Camp Turel Toussaint Louverture · 29 August 1793
- Constitution of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 Central Assembly of Saint-Domingue, convened by Toussaint Louverture · Adopted 9 May 1801; proclaimed 7–8 July 1801
- Title page and portrait from Histoire de Toussaint-Louverture Cousin d’Avallon (author); engraver unnamed · 1802 (Year XI)
- Chapter 4: Napoleon’s Expedition
- Toussaint Louverture’s words on boarding Le Héros, as recorded by a French general Pamphile de Lacroix (memoir); words attributed to Toussaint Louverture · June 1802 (published 1819)
- Law on the maintenance of slavery in the colonies restored by the Treaty of Amiens, Articles 1 and 3 French Legislative Body under the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte · 20 May 1802 (30 Floréal Year X)
- Legionaries at San Domingo January Suchodolski · Painted in the nineteenth century (dated 1854 on the museum record)
- Chapter 5: Dessalines and the Making of Haiti
- Act of Independence and Proclamation of the General-in-Chief to the people of Haiti Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the generals of the Indigenous Army; drafted by Louis Boisrond-Tonnerre · 1 January 1804
- Imperial Constitution of Haiti, Articles 12, 13 and 14 Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Emperor, and the generals of the army · 20 May 1805
- Constitution of the Republic of Haiti, Articles 38 and 44 Constituent assembly of Alexandre Pétion’s republic · 2 June 1816
- Printed broadside of the Haitian Declaration of Independence Government press, Port-au-Prince · 1804
- Chapter 6: The Price of Recognition
- Royal ordinance concerning the French part of Saint-Domingue, Articles 1–3 Charles X, King of France; countersigned by the Comte de Chabrol, Minister of the Navy · 17 April 1825
- His Majesty Charles X the Well-Beloved recognising the independence of Saint-Domingue Anonymous French engraver · 1825
- Measuring the indemnity: what each estimate counts Maps of History, compiled from published estimates · Estimates published 2003–2023
- Chapter 7: The White Highlands
- Crown Lands Ordinance, 1915, section 86(1), as quoted by the Kenya Land Commission East Africa Protectorate (ordinance); Kenya Land Commission (report) · Ordinance of 18 May 1915; report of September 1933, published 1934
- The Native Registration Ordinance (Bill), sections 2, 3 and 12 Government of the East Africa Protectorate · Published 6 January 1915; enacted as Ordinance No. 15 of 1915 and enforced from 1919–20
- Indians in Kenya: Memorandum (the Devonshire Declaration) British Government (Duke of Devonshire, Colonial Secretary) · July 1923
- Paying coolies at railhead; Railhead mile 141½; Tsavo bridge (Uganda Railway album) Unknown photographer for the Uganda Railway · 1898 (one view dated 31 March 1898)
- Chapter 8: War, Land and the Oath
- Report of the Kenya Land Commission on the legal position of African land Kenya Land Commission (chaired by Sir Morris Carter) · September 1933; published May 1934
- The Emergency Powers Order in Council, 1939, sections 3(1) and 6 British Government (Order made by the King in Council) · 9 March 1939 (amended 1952)
- Statement on the State of Emergency in Kenya Oliver Lyttelton, Secretary of State for the Colonies · 21 October 1952
- Chapter 9: The Emergency
- Historical Survey of the Origins and Growth of Mau Mau (the Corfield Report), Summary of Conclusions F. D. Corfield, for the Government of Kenya · May 1960
- Emergency statistics to the end of 1956 (official) set beside later estimates Maps of History, compiled from the Corfield Report and later scholarship · Official figures 1960; estimates 2005–2007
- Speech in the Commons debate on the Hola camp report Enoch Powell, Conservative MP for Wolverhampton South West · 27 July 1959
- King’s African Rifles on patrol during the Kenya Emergency British official photographer (Ministry of Defence) · Between 1952 and 1956
- Chapter 10: The Road to Uhuru
- Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920 British Government (Order made at Buckingham Palace, 11 June 1920) · Made 11 June 1920; published 23 July 1920
- Tanganyikan children holding signs demanding the release of Kenya’s Jomo Kenyatta Photographer for the Colonial Office information service · March 1961
- Kenya’s constitutional steps, 1957–1964 Maps of History, compiled from Hansard and electoral records · 1957–1964
- Chapter 11: Challenges after Independence
- President Jomo Kenyatta at State House, Nairobi Photography department, Israel Government Press Office · 15 June 1966
- Land after independence: the White Highlands and the Million-Acre Scheme Maps of History, compiled from published figures · 1939–1971
- From independence to one-party rule, 1963–1982 Maps of History, compiled from published histories · 1963–1982
- Chapter 12: Two Independences Compared
- Statement on the settlement of Mau Mau claims William Hague, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs · 6 June 2013
- Citadelle Laferrière, northern Haiti, from the air SPC Gibran Torres, United States Army · 28 April 2010
- Two independences compared Maps of History, compiled from the chapters of this atlas · 1791–1978
Internal Assessment starting points
Each starting point is an idea for an investigation: a question, the concept it tests, the kinds of sources you could use and where they are held, and one caution. The investigation must be your own work, and your teacher approves the question.
To what extent did payments on the 1825 indemnity shape the Haitian state’s finances between 1825 and 1883?
CONCEPTConsequence
SOURCESTreaties and ordinances; Haitian budget statements; French bondholder records; the New York Times data set of 2022.
WHERE TO FIND THEMGallica (Bibliothèque nationale de France) for the Moniteur and pamphlets; Archives nationales and Caisse des dépôts archives, Paris; Digithèque MJP for treaties.
CAUTIONCounterfactual estimates of lost growth rest on assumptions; separate what was paid from what might have been earned.
How reliable is Pamphile de Lacroix’s memoir of 1819 as a source for the French expedition of 1802–1803?
CONCEPTPerspectives
SOURCESLacroix’s Mémoires; letters of Leclerc to Napoleon (published editions); Haitian accounts by Madiou and Ardouin.
WHERE TO FIND THEMInternet Archive and Gallica for the 1819 edition; Service historique de la Défense, Vincennes, for military correspondence.
CAUTIONCompare the memoir with documents written at the time, and note when Lacroix was not an eyewitness.
How did British officials and newspapers report Haitian independence in 1804?
CONCEPTPerspectives
SOURCESColonial Office correspondence from Jamaica; London newspapers of 1804; the printed declaration found by Julia Gaffield.
WHERE TO FIND THEMUK National Archives, Kew (CO 137); British Newspaper Archive; Gale Burney Collection.
CAUTIONBritish reports served Britain’s interests in the war with France; read them for their perspective as well as their facts.
How far did the Kenya Land Commission of 1932–1934 address Kikuyu claims to alienated land?
CONCEPTCausation
SOURCESThe Commission’s report (Cmd. 4556) and evidence volumes; KCA petitions; later testimony.
WHERE TO FIND THEMInternet Archive (Cmd. 4556); Kenya National Archives, Nairobi; UK National Archives (CO 533).
CAUTIONThe Commission framed claims in colonial legal terms; look for how claimants described their own losses.
Why did the Hola killings of March 1959 provoke a crisis in the British Parliament?
CONCEPTSignificance
SOURCESHansard debates of June–July 1959; newspaper reports; the Fairn and Cowan papers where available.
WHERE TO FIND THEMHistoric Hansard (Open Parliament Licence); UK National Archives (FCO 141 migrated archives; CO 822).
CAUTIONThis is a memorial subject: write about the victims with care and avoid sensational detail.
To what extent did the Swynnerton Plan reward loyalists in Kenya’s Central Province, 1954–1960?
CONCEPTConsequence
SOURCESThe Swynnerton Plan (1954); district land consolidation reports; published oral histories.
WHERE TO FIND THEMKenya National Archives; UK National Archives (FCO 141); university oral-history collections.
CAUTIONLand records and oral memories may conflict; explain how you weigh them.
How has the public memory of Mau Mau changed in Kenya since 1963?
CONCEPTChange
SOURCESSpeeches of Kenyan presidents; memorials (Kimathi statue, 2007; Uhuru Park memorial, 2015); newspapers; school textbooks.
WHERE TO FIND THEMDaily Nation and Standard digital archives; Kenya Gazette for the 2003 lifting of the ban; Hansard for the 2013 statement.
CAUTIONMemory is political: identify who shaped each version and why.
Revision tools
The atlas ends with a map quiz that asks you to find places and moments on the map itself (part of membership and of the Exam Sprint). The quick quiz and the discussion questions with our answers are free pages on this site, and the printable study guide gathers every chapter’s notes into one document for revision.
Read next
- The Haitian Revolution in the Age of Revolutions · THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
- The decolonization of Africa, 1945–1994 · THE DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA
Maps of History is independent and is not affiliated with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. IB course names describe alignment only; paper, theme and section names follow the new course outline and may change when the final guide is published.
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