MAPS OF HISTORY · IB HISTORY · PROTEST AND CHANGE
IB HISTORY · 1945 – 2015 · 12 CHAPTERS
IB History: Second-wave feminism and Tunisia — notes, maps and essay plans
Why protest movements emerge, how they change the law, and whom they leave behind: women’s rights from the jury box to the UN, and twenty-eight days that toppled a dictator in Tunisia.
This page gathers the atlas’s IB notes: where each of its 12 chapters fits the syllabus, the concepts and evidence it supports, practice questions with model essay plans, primary sources, and starting points for the Internal Assessment.
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Where it fits the course
Every chapter’s IB notes name the parts of the course it serves. Across the atlas they add up to this: It is the paired atlas for the Paper 1 Focused Study Protest and Change, whose page holds a free source-question set.
- Paper 1 · Protest and Change · 12 CHAPTERS
- Paper 2 · Authoritarian Rule · 3 CHAPTERS
- Paper 2 · Popular Movements · 11 CHAPTERS
- Paper 3 · The Americas, section 11.11 · 5 CHAPTERS
- Old course · Prescribed subject 4: Rights and protest · 2 CHAPTERS
- Old course · World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) · 2 CHAPTERS
Chapter by chapter
The atlas holds 72 points of evidence and 35 primary sources across 12 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 are free, so their evidence is shown here in full; for the others you get one point and the practice question, and the rest waits in the atlas. Each chapter title opens the chapter’s free page, with the full explanation.
1. The Problem That Has No Name
CHAPTER 1 · 1945–1963 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · ALL 6 POINTS (A FREE CHAPTER)
- In Hoyt v. Florida (1961) the Supreme Court upheld a Florida law that kept women off jury lists unless they volunteered, reasoning that woman was “still regarded as the center of home and family life”.
- In 1961 three states, Alabama, Mississippi and South Carolina, barred women from juries entirely, and eighteen more let women claim exemption for their sex alone, which shows that the vote had not made women equal citizens.
- By 1960 about a third of married American women were in paid work, yet full-time women earned only 60.7 per cent of men’s median pay, a contradiction that turned the ideal of domesticity into a grievance.
- Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (19 February 1963), based on a 1957 survey of her Smith College classmates, sold more than a million copies and gave educated women’s unhappiness a name.
- President Kennedy’s Commission on the Status of Women, created on 14 December 1961 and chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, documented unequal pay and laws and led to state commissions in all fifty states by 1967.
- The Equal Pay Act of 10 June 1963 banned paying women less for “equal work”, but because most jobs were segregated by sex, women’s earnings stayed near 60 per cent of men’s until the late 1970s.
2. Organising for Equality
CHAPTER 2 · 1963–1970 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, PERSPECTIVES
EVIDENCE TO USE · ALL 6 POINTS (A FREE CHAPTER)
- On 8 February 1964 Howard Smith of Virginia proposed adding “sex” to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act; the amendment passed by 168 votes to 133, giving women a federal ban on job discrimination.
- In its first year about a third of the complaints the EEOC received concerned sex discrimination, yet officials treated the clause as a “fluke”, which is why NOW was founded on 30 June 1966.
- NOW’s strategy of litigation paid off in Weeks v. Southern Bell (1969), when a federal appeals court ruled that Title VII overrode a Georgia rule barring women from jobs requiring lifting over 30 pounds.
- At Atlantic City on 7 September 1968 a few hundred radical feminists protested against the Miss America pageant; nothing was burned, but the press invented the “bra-burner”, which made the movement famous and easy to mock.
- In June 1968, 187 sewing machinists at Ford’s Dagenham plant struck for three weeks, halting car production and winning a rise from 85 to 92 per cent of the male rate for their grade.
- Britain’s Equal Pay Act received royal assent on 29 May 1970 and came into force in December 1975; women’s hourly pay rose from about 63 to 76 per cent of men’s between 1970 and 1977.
3. The Personal Is Political
CHAPTER 3 · 1968–1975 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, CONSEQUENCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Consciousness-raising groups, described by Kathie Sarachild in 1968 and defended in Carol Hanisch’s paper “The Personal Is Political”, turned private experiences of sex, marriage and housework into shared political grievances.
Practice question: Compare and contrast the ways in which campaigners achieved abortion law reform in the United States and France, 1969–1975.
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 3 in the atlas.
4. Who Was Left Out?
CHAPTER 4 · 1970–1981 · CONCEPTS: PERSPECTIVES, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- In her 1969 essay “Double Jeopardy” Frances Beal argued that Black women faced racism and sexism together, and that a movement treating housework as women’s prison ignored Black women who had always worked for wages.
Practice question: Examine the reasons why Black, Chicana and poor women organised separately from the mainstream women’s movement in the United States in the 1970s.
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 4 in the atlas.
5. The ERA and the Backlash
CHAPTER 5 · 1972–1982 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, PERSPECTIVES
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- The Senate passed the Equal Rights Amendment by 84 votes to 8 on 22 March 1972, and Hawaii ratified it the same day, the first of 22 states to ratify within nine months.
Practice question: To what extent was the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment the result of the campaign led by Phyllis Schlafly?
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 5 in the atlas.
6. A Global Movement
CHAPTER 6 · 1975–1985 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, PERSPECTIVES
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- The first UN World Conference on Women met in Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975 with delegations from 133 governments, opening a Decade for Women that lasted until 1985.
Practice question: Evaluate the significance of the UN Decade for Women (1976–1985) for women outside the Western world.
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 6 in the atlas.
7. Bourguiba’s Tunisia
CHAPTER 7 · 1956–1987 · CONCEPTS: CONTINUITY, CHANGE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Tunisia’s Personal Status Code, decreed on 13 August 1956 and in force from 1 January 1957, abolished polygamy, ended repudiation by husbands and allowed either spouse to seek divorce in court.
Practice question: To what extent did the reforms of Habib Bourguiba (1956–1987) improve the position of women in Tunisia?
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 7 in the atlas.
8. Ben Ali: Stability and Silence
CHAPTER 8 · 1987–2010 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, CONTINUITY
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Ben Ali took power on 7 November 1987 when seven doctors certified Bourguiba unfit under Article 57 of the constitution, and he was re-elected four times with between 89 and 99 per cent of the vote.
Practice question: Examine the methods used by Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali to maintain power in Tunisia, 1987–2010.
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 8 in the atlas.
9. Twenty-Eight Days
CHAPTER 9 · DECEMBER 2010 – JANUARY 2011 · CONCEPTS: CAUSATION, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old street vendor, set himself on fire outside the Sidi Bouzid governorate building on 17 December 2010 after an inspector confiscated his scales; he died on 4 January 2011.
Practice question: To what extent was the role of the trade unions the most important reason for the fall of Ben Ali in January 2011?
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 9 in the atlas.
10. Building a Democracy
CHAPTER 10 · 2011–2014 · CONCEPTS: CHANGE, CONSEQUENCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Young people from the interior reached Tunis in the Caravan of Liberation on 23 January 2011, and the Kasbah sit-ins forced Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi to resign on 27 February 2011.
Practice question: Evaluate the reasons why Tunisia’s democratic transition survived the political crisis of 2013.
5 more points of evidence, 3 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 10 in the atlas.
11. Terrorism and Fragility
CHAPTER 11 · 2012–2015 · CONCEPTS: CONSEQUENCE, CONTINUITY
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Supporters of Ansar al-Sharia attacked the US embassy in Tunis on 14 September 2012, and four people were killed; the government designated the group a terrorist organisation only on 27 August 2013.
Practice question: Discuss the impact of terrorism on Tunisia’s democratic transition, 2012–2015.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 11 in the atlas.
12. Two Movements Compared
EPILOGUE · 1945–2015 · CONCEPTS: PERSPECTIVES, SIGNIFICANCE
EVIDENCE TO USE · 1 OF 6
- Both movements began with a catalyst that named a grievance: Betty Friedan’s book of 19 February 1963 and Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation in Sidi Bouzid on 17 December 2010.
Practice question: Compare and contrast the ways in which second-wave feminism and the Tunisian revolution created change.
5 more points of evidence, 4 primary sources and the model plan for this question are in the IB notes of chapter 12 in the atlas.
Practice questions and essay plans
Every chapter ends with a practice question and a model plan: a thesis, three points with evidence and a link back to the question, a counter-argument and a judgement. The plan for chapter 1 is shown in full; for the others, here is the outline, and the rest is in the atlas.
PAPER 2 · PROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 1
To what extent was the emergence of second-wave feminism in the United States caused by changes in women’s economic position after 1945?
Economic change was the deepest cause of second-wave feminism, because the rising number of married women in paid work, on unequal pay, created a daily grievance. It became a movement only when writers and officials named and measured that grievance, so economic change made the movement possible while ideas and institutions made it happen.
Women’s growing but unequal place in the labour market created the grievance.
EVIDENCEBy 1960 about a third of married women worked for wages, yet full-time women earned 60.7 per cent of men’s pay and jobs were advertised by sex.
LINKThe gap between rising participation and unequal reward explains why equal pay and Title VII became the first demands, and why working women, not only suburban housewives, filed most early complaints.
Legal second-class citizenship gave the grievance a political target.
EVIDENCEHoyt v. Florida (1961) upheld volunteer-only jury service, and three states still barred women from juries, while some states limited married women’s control of property.
LINKThese laws showed that the vote had not brought equal citizenship, so the problem was political as well as economic, and it gave reformers concrete laws to challenge in court and in Congress.
Ideas and institutions converted discontent into organisation.
EVIDENCEFriedan’s book sold over a million copies, and Kennedy’s Commission of 1961–63 inspired state commissions whose members founded NOW in 1966.
LINKWithout these, economic change would have produced private frustration instead of a movement, because a grievance needs a shared language and an organisation before it can become protest.
Some historians, following Meyerowitz, argue that the post-war culture was less uniformly domestic than Friedan claimed, and others point to the civil-rights movement as the model and training ground that made women’s protest thinkable. On this view political example mattered more than economics.
Economic change was a necessary cause, since it created both the grievance and the educated women who would articulate it, but it was not sufficient. The movement emerged when the Commission, Friedan and the civil-rights example gave women a language, evidence and a method, so the best answer weighs structure and agency together.
Read the chapter behind this plan: The Problem That Has No Name.
PAPER 2 · PROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 3
Compare and contrast the ways in which campaigners achieved abortion law reform in the United States and France, 1969–1975.
In both countries campaigners used public confession to break the silence that made restrictive laws enforceable, but the routes to reform differed: American change came through state legislatures and then the Supreme Court, while French change came through civil disobedience that pushed a reluctant government to legislate.
Both movements made a hidden crime public.
In the United States the federal structure produced a patchwork and then a court ruling.
In France civil disobedience forced the government to legislate.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 3 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: The Personal Is Political.
PAPER 2 · PROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 10
Evaluate the reasons why Tunisia’s democratic transition survived the political crisis of 2013.
Tunisia’s transition survived 2013 because civil society organisations with national legitimacy, above all the UGTT, could mediate between parties, because Ennahda chose compromise over confrontation, and because the army stayed out of politics. Egypt’s coup of July 2013 made both sides aware of the cost of failure.
Civil society provided a mediator.
Ennahda chose to compromise.
The army stayed apolitical and Egypt served as a warning.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 10 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: Building a Democracy.
PAPER 2 · PROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 4
Examine the reasons why Black, Chicana and poor women organised separately from the mainstream women’s movement in the United States in the 1970s.
Women of colour and poor women organised separately because the mainstream’s priorities reflected the lives of white, middle-class women, because their own communities’ movements pressed them to put race first, and because their most urgent issues, welfare and coerced sterilisation, required a different analysis of oppression.
The mainstream agenda missed their central problems.
Experiences of exclusion within the movement drove autonomy.
Their analysis of oppression differed in kind.
The evidence for each point, the counter-argument and the judgement are in the IB notes of chapter 4 in the atlas. Read the chapter first: Who Was Left Out?.
Primary sources
Each chapter’s IB notes carry primary sources with their origin and the context you need before reading them. The sources of chapter 1 are shown in full here.
TEXT · CHAPTER 1
The Feminine Mystique, opening lines
- CREATOR
- Betty Friedan
- DATE
- 19 February 1963
- ORIGIN
- First lines of chapter 1, “The Problem That Has No Name”, published by W. W. Norton, New York
Context. Friedan based the book on a 1957 questionnaire of her Smith College classmates and on interviews with suburban wives.
© Betty Friedan estate / W. W. Norton; quoted for criticism and instruction
TEXT · CHAPTER 1
Hoyt v. Florida: why a state may excuse women from juries
- CREATOR
- Justice John Marshall Harlan II, for a unanimous Supreme Court
- DATE
- 20 November 1961
- ORIGIN
- Opinion of the US Supreme Court, 368 U.S. 57 (1961), upholding the murder conviction of Gwendolyn Hoyt by an all-male Florida jury
Context. Florida put women on jury lists only if they registered to serve. The ruling stood until Taylor v. Louisiana (1975).
US Supreme Court opinion (US government work) · original ↗
TEXT · CHAPTER 1
Remarks upon signing the Equal Pay Act
- CREATOR
- President John F. Kennedy
- DATE
- 10 June 1963
- ORIGIN
- Remarks at the White House, published in the Public Papers of the Presidents
Context. Kennedy spoke four months after The Feminine Mystique appeared and four months before his Commission on the Status of Women reported.
US government work; text from the American Presidency Project · original ↗
PICTURE · CHAPTER 1
Women and jury service in the United States, 1961
- CREATOR
- Maps of History
- DATE
- Situation in 1961
- ORIGIN
- Map drawn from the footnotes of Hoyt v. Florida (1961)
Context. Eight further states let women be excused for family responsibilities; they are shown as eligible on the same terms.
Map: Maps of History. Data: Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57, footnotes 5–8
Every other source in the atlas (31)
- Chapter 2: Organising for Equality
- Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, section 703(a) United States Congress · Signed 2 July 1964
- NOW Statement of Purpose National Organization for Women (drafted by Betty Friedan) · Adopted 29 October 1966
- Equal Pay Act 1970, section 1(1) Parliament of the United Kingdom · Royal assent 29 May 1970; in force 29 December 1975
- Women’s pay as a share of men’s, United States, 1960–1985 Maps of History · Data 1960–1985
- Chapter 3: The Personal Is Political
- Roe v. Wade: the right of privacy Justice Harry Blackmun, for a 7–2 majority of the Supreme Court · 22 January 1973
- The Manifesto of the 343 343 French women, among them Simone de Beauvoir · 5 April 1971
- Abortion Act 1967, section 1(1)–(2) Parliament of the United Kingdom · Royal assent 27 October 1967; in force 27 April 1968
- Chapter 4: Who Was Left Out?
- A Black Feminist Statement The Combahee River Collective (Barbara Smith, Beverly Smith, Demita Frazier) · April 1977
- King v. Smith: Alabama’s “substitute father” rule Chief Justice Earl Warren, for the Supreme Court · 17 June 1968
- Coerced sterilisation: what the records show Maps of History, compiled from official and court records · Records of 1965–1978
- Chapter 5: The ERA and the Backlash
- The Equal Rights Amendment as sent to the states United States Congress · Passed the Senate 22 March 1972
- What’s Wrong with “Equal Rights” for Women? Phyllis Schlafly · February 1972
- Ratifications of the Equal Rights Amendment by year, 1972–1982 Maps of History · Data 1972–1982
- The Equal Rights Amendment at the deadline, 30 June 1982 Maps of History · Situation on 30 June 1982
- Chapter 6: A Global Movement
- CEDAW, Article 1 United Nations General Assembly · Adopted 18 December 1979
- Message to the Senate transmitting CEDAW President Jimmy Carter · 12 November 1980
- CEDAW: who had ratified by December 1985 Maps of History · Situation at 31 December 1985
- Chapter 7: Bourguiba’s Tunisia
- The Personal Status Code Government of Habib Bourguiba (beylical decree) · 13 August 1956; in force 1 January 1957
- Constitution of the Tunisian Republic Constituent Assembly of Tunisia · 1 June 1959
- Poverty rate by region, Tunisia, 2010 Maps of History · Data 2010
- Chapter 8: Ben Ali: Stability and Silence
- “Corruption in Tunisia: What’s Yours Is Mine” US Embassy Tunis, classified by Ambassador Robert F. Godec · June 2008 (published by WikiLeaks in December 2010)
- Unemployment and poverty in Tunisia, 2010 Maps of History, compiled from Tunisian official statistics · 2010 survey data
- Poverty rate by region, Tunisia, 2010 Maps of History · Data 2010
- Chapter 9: Twenty-Eight Days
- Words of the uprising Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi; protesters in Tunisia · 1933; December 2010 – January 2011
- Where protest was first documented, December 2010 – January 2011 Maps of History · 17 December 2010 – 13 January 2011
- How many died in the revolution? The counts compared Maps of History, compiled from official and NGO counts · Counts of 2011–2021
- Chapter 10: Building a Democracy
- Constitution of the Tunisian Republic National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia · Adopted 26 January 2014; promulgated 27 January 2014
- Announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize 2015 The Norwegian Nobel Committee · 9 October 2015
- Tunisia’s state of emergency, 2011–2015 Maps of History · January 2011 – December 2015
- Chapter 11: Terrorism and Fragility
- UN experts on Tunisian foreign fighters UN News, reporting the Working Group on the use of mercenaries · 10 July 2015
- Constitution of 2014, Article 49: the limits of limits National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia · Adopted 26 January 2014
- Tunisia’s state of emergency, 2011–2015 Maps of History · January 2011 – December 2015
- Poverty rate by region, Tunisia, 2010 Maps of History · Data 2010
- Chapter 12: Two Movements Compared
- Welfare Is a Women’s Issue Johnnie Tillmon, chair of the National Welfare Rights Organization · Spring 1972
- Constitution of the Tunisian Republic National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia · Adopted 26 January 2014; promulgated 27 January 2014
- The Equal Rights Amendment at the deadline, 30 June 1982 Maps of History · Situation on 30 June 1982
- Where protest was first documented, December 2010 – January 2011 Maps of History · 17 December 2010 – 13 January 2011
Internal Assessment starting points
Each starting point is an idea for an investigation: a question, the concept it tests, the kinds of sources you could use and where they are held, and one caution. The investigation must be your own work, and your teacher approves the question.
To what extent did the jury-exemption system upheld in Hoyt v. Florida (1961) keep women off juries in one Florida county between 1950 and 1975?
CONCEPTContinuity
SOURCESState statutes, court records and jury lists; local newspapers; the Supreme Court record in Hoyt v. Florida; later rulings such as Taylor v. Louisiana (1975).
WHERE TO FIND THEMFlorida State Archives; Library of Congress, Chronicling America and digitised newspapers; Cornell LII and Justia for opinions.
CAUTIONJury lists may be incomplete or closed; check what the records can and cannot show about who was summoned.
How far did the Ford Dagenham strike of 1968 change the pay and grading of women workers at Ford by 1984?
CONCEPTChange
SOURCESUnion records, Ford wage agreements, parliamentary debates (Hansard), oral histories with the machinists, press reports from 1968 and 1984.
WHERE TO FIND THEMModern Records Centre, University of Warwick; Hansard online; British Library newspapers; the TUC Library Collections at London Metropolitan University.
CAUTIONLater memories and the 2010 film have reshaped how the strike is remembered; compare oral histories with records made at the time.
Why did the Illinois legislature never ratify the Equal Rights Amendment between 1972 and 1982?
CONCEPTCausation
SOURCESIllinois House and Senate journals and roll calls, campaign materials of STOP ERA and of ERA Illinois, newspaper coverage, interviews.
WHERE TO FIND THEMIllinois State Archives; Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute (women’s movement papers); the Phyllis Schlafly papers at the Eagle Forum archive, St. Louis; Chicago Tribune archive.
CAUTIONBoth campaigns produced persuasive material; read it as evidence of strategy, not as neutral description.
How did the National Welfare Rights Organization present welfare as a women’s issue between 1966 and 1975?
CONCEPTPerspectives
SOURCESNWRO newsletters and conference papers, Johnnie Tillmon’s writing, court cases such as King v. Smith (1968), press coverage.
WHERE TO FIND THEMGeorge A. Wiley Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society; Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University; Ms. magazine archive.
CAUTIONOrganisational sources may overstate membership; compare claimed numbers with independent estimates.
What role did the UGTT’s regional unions play in spreading protest in Tunisia between 17 December 2010 and 14 January 2011?
CONCEPTSignificance
SOURCESUGTT statements, press reports, NGO reports by the International Crisis Group and Amnesty International, interviews, videos posted at the time.
WHERE TO FIND THEMInternational Crisis Group and Amnesty International online archives; Nawaat and Al Jazeera archives; academic studies by Joel Beinin and Hèla Yousfi.
CAUTIONMany sources are in Arabic or French and some are partisan; online videos need careful dating and verification.
How far did the Personal Status Code of 1956 change marriage and divorce in Tunisia between 1956 and 1985?
CONCEPTChange
SOURCESThe text of the Code and its amendments, national statistics on marriage and divorce, court records where available, women’s memoirs.
WHERE TO FIND THEMJournal officiel de la République tunisienne; Institut National de la Statistique; Archives nationales de Tunisie; Mounira Charrad’s published research.
CAUTIONOfficial statistics may hide customary practice; consider what changed in law and what changed in daily life.
How did the British press report the women’s liberation conference at Ruskin College, Oxford, in 1970?
CONCEPTPerspectives
SOURCESNational and local newspaper reports, conference papers, participants’ recollections, photographs.
WHERE TO FIND THEMThe Women’s Library, London School of Economics; British Library newspapers; History Workshop archives at the Bishopsgate Institute.
CAUTIONPress reports reflect editors’ assumptions about the movement; compare them with participants’ accounts.
Revision tools
The atlas ends with a map quiz that asks you to find places and moments on the map itself (part of membership and of the Exam Sprint). The quick quiz and the discussion questions with our answers are free pages on this site, and the printable study guide gathers every chapter’s notes into one document for revision.
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Maps of History is independent and is not affiliated with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. IB course names describe alignment only; paper, theme and section names follow the new course outline and may change when the final guide is published.
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