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Historical map · 1648

Map of Asia in 1648

In 1648, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 86 states, empires and other polities in Asia. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were Tsardom of Russia, the Qing Dynasty and the Mughal Empire. The Spanish Empire reached well beyond Asia: its whole territory measured about 13.0 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Asia in 1648. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1648 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1648

States and empires in Asia in 1648

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Tsardom of Russia Wikipedia9.8 million km²10.0 million km²1547–1720
Qing Dynasty Wikipedia4.1 million km²4.1 million km²1645–1911
Mughal Empire Wikipedia2.8 million km²2.8 million km²1529–1858
Golden Horde Wikipedia2.6 million km²2.6 million km²1294–1695
Safavid Dynasty Wikipedia2.6 million km²2.6 million km²1502–1737
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia2.6 million km²3.5 million km²1305–1923
Kazakh Khanate Wikipedia2.2 million km²2.2 million km²1468–1847
Southern Ming Wikipedia2.2 million km²2.2 million km²1645–1682
Tibet Wikipedia1.6 million km²1.6 million km²1363–1952
Eastern Moghulistan Wikipedia936,000 km²936,000 km²1463–1686
Oirat Confederation Wikipedia837,000 km²837,000 km²1402–1676
Funj Sultanate Wikipedia629,000 km²629,000 km²1507–1821
Ethiopian Empire Wikipedia590,000 km²590,000 km²1272–1935
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Wikipedia535,000 km²891,000 km²1572–1793
First Toungoo Empire Wikipedia523,000 km²523,000 km²1502–1756
Khanate of Bukhara Wikipedia427,000 km²427,000 km²1516–1787
Tümed Wikipedia414,000 km²414,000 km²1547–1699
Ayutthaya Kingdom Wikipedia384,000 km²384,000 km²1352–1768
Lan Xang Wikipedia377,000 km²377,000 km²1363–1708
Spanish Empire Wikipedia335,000 km²13.0 million km²1516–1931
Tokugawa Shogunate Wikipedia329,000 km²329,000 km²1600–1869
Bijapur Sultanate Wikipedia328,000 km²328,000 km²1492–1686
Swedish Empire Wikipedia311,000 km²890,000 km²1612–1814
Khoshut Khanate Wikipedia291,000 km²291,000 km²1582–1695
Kingdom of Cambodia Wikipedia275,000 km²275,000 km²1540–2024
Joseon232,000 km²232,000 km²1395–1897
Qasimids Wikipedia214,000 km²214,000 km²1636–1802
Sultanate of Johor Wikipedia208,000 km²208,000 km²1529–1884
Golconda Sultanate Wikipedia204,000 km²204,000 km²1519–1686
Kalmyk Khanate Wikipedia163,000 km²163,000 km²1632–1771
Sultanate of Darfur Wikipedia149,000 km²296,000 km²1609–1876
Gorkha Kingdom Wikipedia148,000 km²148,000 km²1588–1787
Astrakhan Khanate Wikipedia125,000 km²125,000 km²1468–1768
Khanate of Khiva Wikipedia125,000 km²125,000 km²1512–1919
Portuguese Empire Wikipedia117,000 km²2.1 million km²1502–1910
Sultanate of Brunei Wikipedia113,000 km²113,000 km²1363–2024
Trịnh lords Wikipedia103,000 km²103,000 km²1572–1787
Nguyễn lords Wikipedia90,000 km²90,000 km²1572–1775
Yarubid dynasty Wikipedia88,000 km²88,000 km²1626–1743
Dutch Republic Wikipedia85,000 km²263,000 km²1582–1795

Also on the map: Sultanate of Banten, Small Horde, Principality of Moldavia, Kingdom of Mrauk U, Sultanate of Palembang, Mataram Sultanate, Crimean Khanate, Ahmadnagar Sultanate, Nayaks of Madurai, Sultanate of Aceh, Bhutan, Principality of Wallachia, Sultanate of Banjar, Sultanate of Malacca, Portuguese Ceylon, Denmark, Sultanate of Cirebon, Sultanate of Perak, Balinese Kingdom, Patani Kingdom, Kingdom of Mysore, Principality of Transylvania, Blambangan Kingdom, Kingdom of Kartli, Nayaks of Thanjavur, Principality of Mingrelia, Sultanate of Kedah, Sultanate of Sukadana, Kingdom of Imereti, Sultanate of Bima, Đại Việt, Chámpa, Kutai Kingdom, Sultanate of Sambas, Principality of Abkhazia, Principality of Guria, Kingdom of Portugal, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Mempawah, Sultanate of Gowa, Sultanate of Bone, Republic of Venice, Kingdom of England, English Colonial Empire, Kathmandu, Sultanate of Maguindanao.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1600

New on the map: Qing Dynasty, Southern Ming, Oirat Confederation, Swedish Empire, Qasimids, Kalmyk Khanate, Sultanate of Darfur, Astrakhan Khanate, Yarubid dynasty, Bhutan, Principality of Wallachia, Principality of Transylvania, Kingdom of Kartli, Principality of Mingrelia, Sultanate of Sukadana, Kingdom of Imereti, Sultanate of Bima, Kutai Kingdom, Sultanate of Sambas, Principality of Abkhazia, Principality of Guria, Kingdom of Portugal, Sultanate of Mempawah, Kingdom of England, English Colonial Empire.

Gone from the map: Ming Dynasty, Mongol Khanate, Alliance between Papal States and Spanish Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Warring States Japan, Don Cossacks, Lan Na, Bidar Sultanate, Iberian Union, Republic of Genoa.

What comes next: 1700

Appear by 1700: Dzungar Khanate, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Sloboda Ukraine, Dutch Ceylon, Sultanate of Jambi, Habsburg Monarchy, Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, Bali, Kingdom of France, French India.

Gone by 1700: Golden Horde, Southern Ming, Eastern Moghulistan, Oirat Confederation, Tümed, Bijapur Sultanate, Khoshut Khanate, Golconda Sultanate, Ahmadnagar Sultanate, Portuguese Ceylon, Sultanate of Cirebon, Balinese Kingdom, Patani Kingdom, Principality of Transylvania, Nayaks of Thanjavur, Chámpa, Sultanate of Gowa.

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Asia in 1648?

The map data draws 86 states and other polities in Asia in 1648. The largest by land were Tsardom of Russia, the Qing Dynasty, the Mughal Empire, the Golden Horde and the Safavid Dynasty.

What was the largest empire in Asia in 1648?

Of the states on this map, the Spanish Empire held the most land in total: about 13.0 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Asia in 1648 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1648, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Asia in other years

Other regions in 1648