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Historical map · 1444

Map of Asia in 1444

In 1444, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 78 states, empires and other polities in Asia. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire.

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Asia in 1444. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1444 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1444

States and empires in Asia in 1444

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty5.7 million km²6.0 million km²1395–1897
Ming Dynasty Wikipedia5.5 million km²5.5 million km²1375–1644
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire Wikipedia4.4 million km²5.0 million km²1375–1467
Khanate of Sibir Wikipedia4.4 million km²4.4 million km²1429–1587
Timurid Empire Wikipedia3.9 million km²3.9 million km²1375–1506
Four Oirats Wikipedia3.4 million km²3.4 million km²1402–1676
Tibet Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1363–1952
Chagatai Khanate Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1294–1462
Novgorod Republic Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1056–1481
Golden Horde Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.4 million km²1294–1695
Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.5 million km²1241–1518
Majapahit Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1294–1518
Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia737,000 km²1.4 million km²1375–1449
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom Wikipedia721,000 km²1.0 million km²1395–1571
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Wikipedia649,000 km²744,000 km²1220–1449
Bahmani Sultanate Wikipedia441,000 km²441,000 km²1352–1491
Vassalage of Jaffna kingdom to Vijayanagara Empire Wikipedia408,000 km²420,000 km²1314–1594
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia404,000 km²562,000 km²1305–1923
Vijayanagara Empire Wikipedia397,000 km²397,000 km²1344–1571
Ethiopian Empire Wikipedia394,000 km²394,000 km²1272–1935
Rasulid Dynasty Wikipedia379,000 km²379,000 km²1236–1458
Lan Xang Wikipedia377,000 km²377,000 km²1363–1708
Ayutthaya Kingdom Wikipedia322,000 km²322,000 km²1352–1768
Ashikaga Shogunate Wikipedia321,000 km²321,000 km²1344–1571
Grand Principality of Moscow Wikipedia316,000 km²316,000 km²1294–1546
Sultanate of Bengal Wikipedia307,000 km²307,000 km²1344–1533
Shan States Wikipedia275,000 km²275,000 km²1294–1563
Khmer Empire Wikipedia241,000 km²241,000 km²800–1539
Aq Qoyunlu Wikipedia233,000 km²233,000 km²1407–1511
Makuria Kingdom Wikipedia213,000 km²213,000 km²347–1518
Kalmar Union Wikipedia212,000 km²2.5 million km²1402–1525
Ava Kingdom Wikipedia193,000 km²193,000 km²1375–1528
Khanate of Kazan Wikipedia170,000 km²170,000 km²1440–1551
Jaunpur Sultanate Wikipedia160,000 km²160,000 km²1395–1481
Kashmiri Sultanate Wikipedia152,000 km²152,000 km²1344–1587
Lê Dynasty Wikipedia152,000 km²152,000 km²1429–1571
Adal Sultanate Wikipedia150,000 km²150,000 km²1415–1578
Kingdom of Georgia Wikipedia128,000 km²128,000 km²1010–1802
Alodia Wikipedia124,000 km²124,000 km²347–1506
Sind-Samma Dynasty Wikipedia123,000 km²123,000 km²1344–1525

Also on the map: Beylik of Karaman, Principality of Moldavia, Chámpa, Delhi Sultanate, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Mrauk U, Mahdids, Hanthawaddy Kingdom, Bahrani Dynasty, Kingdom of Poland, Livonian Conference, Sukhothai Kingdom, Ceylon, Sunda Kingdom, Lan Na Kingdom, Beylik of Isfendiyar, Shirvan, Principality of Wallachia, Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, Beylik of Dulkadir, Empire of Trebizond, Ramadanid Emirate, Pskov Republic, Blue Horde, Sultanate of Kedah, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Cyprus, Republic of Genoa, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Tver, Tondo, Sultanate of Brunei, Republic of Venice, Byzantine Empire, Ryukyu Kingdom, Namayan, Kathmandu, Principality of Theodoro.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1400

New on the map: Khanate of Sibir, Four Oirats, Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Aq Qoyunlu, Kalmar Union, Khanate of Kazan, Lê Dynasty, Adal Sultanate, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Mrauk U, Livonian Conference, Shirvan, Ryukyu Kingdom.

Gone from the map: Northern Yuan, Tughlaq Dynasty, Jalayirid Sultanate, Ngô Dynasty, Ifat Sultanate, Germiyanids, Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, Principality of Smolensk, Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire, Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire, Beylik of Teke, Beylik of Saruhan, Beylik of Aydin, Beylik of Menteshe, Hokuzan, Kingdom of Singapura, Chüzan, Nanzan.

What comes next: 1453

Appear by 1453: Nogai Horde, Lodi Dynasty, Crimean Khanate, House of Oldenburg, Qasim Khanate, Ryazan, Holy Roman Empire, Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire, Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire, House of Habsburg.

Gone by 1453: Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Poland, Sukhothai Kingdom, Blue Horde, Kingdom of Hungary.

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Asia in 1444?

The map data draws 78 states and other polities in Asia in 1444. The largest by land were the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire, the Khanate of Sibir and the Timurid Empire.

What was the largest empire in Asia in 1444?

Of the states on this map, the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty held the most land in total: about 6.0 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Asia in 1444 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1444, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Asia in other years

Other regions in 1444