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Historical map · 1400

Map of the Middle East in 1400

In 1400, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 34 states, empires and other polities in the Middle East. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire, the Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire and the Timurid Empire. The Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire reached well beyond the Middle East: its whole territory measured about 12.5 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on the Middle East in 1400. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1400 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1400

States and empires in the Middle East in 1400

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire Wikipedia2.8 million km²12.5 million km²1294–1695
Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire Wikipedia2.5 million km²4.0 million km²1010–1802
Timurid Empire Wikipedia2.5 million km²4.0 million km²1375–1506
Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.5 million km²1241–1518
Rasulid Dynasty Wikipedia379,000 km²379,000 km²1236–1458
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia361,000 km²403,000 km²1305–1923
Jalayirid Sultanate Wikipedia238,000 km²238,000 km²1344–1401
Makuria Wikipedia213,000 km²213,000 km²347–1518
Ethiopian Empire Wikipedia202,000 km²393,000 km²1272–1935
Qara Qoyunlu Wikipedia152,000 km²152,000 km²1375–1467
Alodia Wikipedia124,000 km²124,000 km²347–1506
Germiyanids Wikipedia120,000 km²120,000 km²1305–1439
Beylik of Karaman Wikipedia100,000 km²100,000 km²1305–1467
Blue Horde Wikipedia90,000 km²1.8 million km²1363–1449
Mahdids Wikipedia85,000 km²85,000 km²1169–1506
Bahrani Dynasty Wikipedia74,000 km²74,000 km²1260–1520
Ifat Sultanate Wikipedia72,000 km²121,000 km²1285–1414
Beylik of Isfendiyar Wikipedia49,000 km²49,000 km²1305–1462
Beylik of Teke Wikipedia31,000 km²31,000 km²1326–1428
Beylik of Dulkadir Wikipedia30,000 km²30,000 km²1344–1515
Empire of Trebizond Wikipedia26,000 km²26,000 km²1206–1462
Ramadanid Emirate Wikipedia24,000 km²24,000 km²1385–1515
Republic of Venice Wikipedia19,000 km²24,000 km²705–1796
Beylik of Saruhan Wikipedia15,000 km²15,000 km²1314–1414
Despotate of Vidin Wikipedia14,000 km²16,000 km²1363–1401
Kingdom of Cyprus Wikipedia13,000 km²13,000 km²1192–1491
Byzantine Empire Wikipedia11,000 km²11,000 km²633–1474
Beylik of Aydin Wikipedia7,950 km²7,950 km²1305–1428
Principality of Wallachia Wikipedia7,800 km²75,000 km²1314–1858
Principality of Achaea Wikipedia7,570 km²14,000 km²1206–1439
Serbian Empire Wikipedia7,090 km²51,000 km²1352–1458
Beylik of Menteshe Wikipedia5,880 km²5,880 km²1305–1414
Republic of Genoa Wikipedia4,570 km²25,000 km²1010–1795
Despotate of Arta Wikipedia640 km²11,000 km²1375–1421

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1300

New on the map: Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire, Timurid Empire, Ottoman Empire, Jalayirid Sultanate, Qara Qoyunlu, Germiyanids, Beylik of Karaman, Blue Horde, Beylik of Isfendiyar, Beylik of Teke, Beylik of Dulkadir, Ramadanid Emirate, Beylik of Saruhan, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Aydin, Principality of Wallachia, Serbian Empire, Beylik of Menteshe, Despotate of Arta.

Gone from the map: Allegiance of Ilkhanate to Yuan Dynasty, Allegiance of Chagatai Khanate to Yuan Dynasty, Second Bulgarian Empire, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Thessaly, Duchy of Athens, Kingdom of Serbia, Despotate of Epirus, Duchy of the Archipelago.

What comes next: 1444

Appear by 1444: Aq Qoyunlu, Adal Sultanate, Shirvan, Crown of Aragon, Republic of Florence, Despotate of Epirus.

Gone by 1444: Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire, Jalayirid Sultanate, Germiyanids, Blue Horde, Ifat Sultanate, Beylik of Teke, Beylik of Saruhan, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Aydin, Principality of Achaea, Beylik of Menteshe, Despotate of Arta.

Questions about this map

Which countries were in the Middle East in 1400?

The map data draws 34 states and other polities in the Middle East in 1400. The largest by land were the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire, the Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire, the Timurid Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate and the Rasulid Dynasty.

What was the largest empire in the Middle East in 1400?

Of the states on this map, the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire held the most land in total: about 12.5 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore the Middle East in 1400 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1400, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Middle East in other years

Other regions in 1400