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Historical map · 1400

Map of Europe in 1400

In 1400, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 96 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Polish-Lithuania Kingdom, the Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 12.5 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 1400. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1400 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1400
Atlas map: Living with the Cold (1408)
FROM THE ATLAS · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION, CHAPTER 5: LIVING WITH THE COLD (1408)

States and empires in Europe in 1400

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1395–1571
Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.2 million km²1236–1525
Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.5 million km²922–1806
Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1294–2024
Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.3 million km²1202–1528
Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway Wikipedia939,000 km²1.6 million km²866–1401
Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire Wikipedia890,000 km²12.5 million km²1294–1695
Blue Horde Wikipedia810,000 km²1.8 million km²1363–1449
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Wikipedia803,000 km²803,000 km²1220–1449
Novgorod Republic Wikipedia611,000 km²1.5 million km²1056–1481
Kingdom of France Wikipedia461,000 km²682,000 km²990–1848
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia403,000 km²403,000 km²1305–1923
Crown of Castile Wikipedia356,000 km²356,000 km²1236–1515
Kingdom of Sweden Wikipedia348,000 km²348,000 km²980–2024
Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia338,000 km²338,000 km²1000–1546
Kingdom of Poland Wikipedia233,000 km²466,000 km²962–1449
Kingdom of England Wikipedia213,000 km²406,000 km²936–1708
Grand Principality of Moscow Wikipedia206,000 km²248,000 km²1294–1546
Hafsid Dynasty Wikipedia171,000 km²224,000 km²1236–1571
Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia160,000 km²1.5 million km²1241–1518
Qara Qoyunlu Wikipedia152,000 km²152,000 km²1375–1467
Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire Wikipedia139,000 km²4.0 million km²1010–1802
Crown of Aragon Wikipedia131,000 km²131,000 km²1169–1515
Zayyanid dynasty Wikipedia126,000 km²126,000 km²1236–1555
Marinid Sultanate Wikipedia125,000 km²389,000 km²1250–1467
Germiyanids Wikipedia119,000 km²120,000 km²1305–1439
Jalayirid Sultanate Wikipedia111,000 km²238,000 km²1344–1401
Principality of Moldavia Wikipedia102,000 km²102,000 km²1363–1858
Beylik of Karaman Wikipedia100,000 km²100,000 km²1305–1467
House of Habsburg Wikipedia99,000 km²99,000 km²1260–1515
Timurid Empire Wikipedia99,000 km²4.0 million km²1375–1506
Kingdom of Portugal Wikipedia92,000 km²92,000 km²1147–1911
Kingdom of Denmark Wikipedia87,000 km²191,000 km²936–1406
Kingdom of Scotland Wikipedia86,000 km²86,000 km²1294–1608
Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal Wikipedia76,000 km²90,000 km²1056–1486
Principality of Smolensk Wikipedia75,000 km²75,000 km²1056–1406
Principality of Wallachia Wikipedia75,000 km²75,000 km²1314–1858
Duchy of Burgundy Wikipedia70,000 km²70,000 km²1003–1481
Kingdom of Naples Wikipedia69,000 km²69,000 km²1285–1501
Kingdom of Bosnia Wikipedia52,000 km²52,000 km²1385–1481

Also on the map: Serbian Empire, Beylik of Isfendiyar, Duchy of Bavaria, House of Valois-Anjou, Margraviate of Brandenburg, Papal States, Beylik of Teke, Beylik of Dulkadir, Duchy of Brittany, House of Ascania, Emirate of Granada, Serbian Despots, Empire of Trebizond, Giudicato of Arborea, County of Savoy, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Venice, Ramadanid Emirate, Margraviate of Moravia, Pskov Republic, Earldom of Desmond, County of Auvergne, Electorate of Trier, Despotate of Vidin, County of Armagnac, Beylik of Saruhan, House of Bourbon, Principality of Achaea, Albanian Principalities, Duchy of Brabant, Kingdom of Cyprus, Despotate of Epirus, Byzantine Empire, Despotate of Arta, County of Touraine, House of Luxembourg, Republic of Florence, Kingdom of Navarre, Duchy of Aquitaine, County of Foix, County of Périgord, Patriarchate of Aquileia, Beylik of Aydin, Tver, Principality of Valona and Kanina, Beylik of Menteshe, Electorate of Saxony, County of Béarn, County of Blôis, Republic of Pisa, Comtat Venaissin, House of Tocco, Isle of Man, Principality of Theodoro, Republic of Ragusa, County of Urgell.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1300

New on the map: Polish-Lithuania Kingdom, Blue Horde, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Poland, Qara Qoyunlu, Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire, Marinid Sultanate, Germiyanids, Jalayirid Sultanate, Principality of Moldavia, Beylik of Karaman, Timurid Empire, Principality of Wallachia, Duchy of Burgundy, Kingdom of Bosnia, Serbian Empire, Beylik of Isfendiyar, House of Valois-Anjou, Beylik of Teke, Beylik of Dulkadir, Serbian Despots, Ramadanid Emirate, Margraviate of Moravia, Earldom of Desmond, Electorate of Trier, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Saruhan, House of Bourbon, Albanian Principalities, Despotate of Arta and others.

Gone from the map: Allegiance of Ilkhanate to Yuan Dynasty, Duchies of Poland, Galicia-Volhynia, Almohad Caliphate, Second Bulgarian Empire, Principality of Minsk, Kingdom of Serbia, Principality of Pinsk, Capetian House of Anjou, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Duchy of Masovia, County of Flanders, Duchy of Greater Poland, Duchy of Sandomierz, County of Anjou, Kingdom of Syrmia, Viking settlements, Kingdom of Arles, Banate of Bosnia, Duchy of Silesia, House of Wittelsbach, Thessaly, County of Nevers, Kingdom of Majorca, Principality of Beloozero, Dauphiné, County of Holland, Duchy of Athens, County of Artois, Duchy of Opole and others.

What comes next: 1444

Appear by 1444: Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Kalmar Union, Aq Qoyunlu, Livonian Conference, Duchy of Milan, County of Nevers, Duchy of Luxembourg.

Gone by 1444: Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, Germiyanids, Jalayirid Sultanate, Timurid Empire, Kingdom of Denmark, Principality of Smolensk, Beylik of Teke, Serbian Despots, Giudicato of Arborea, Margraviate of Moravia, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Saruhan, Principality of Achaea, Albanian Principalities, Duchy of Brabant, Despotate of Arta, House of Luxembourg, Kingdom of Navarre, Duchy of Aquitaine, Beylik of Aydin, Principality of Valona and Kanina, Beylik of Menteshe, Electorate of Saxony, County of Blôis, Republic of Pisa, House of Tocco, Isle of Man.

Read the history of 1400

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 1400?

The map data draws 96 states and other polities in Europe in 1400. The largest by land were the Polish-Lithuania Kingdom, the Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire and the Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 1400?

Of the states on this map, the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire held the most land in total: about 12.5 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 1400 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1400, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 1400