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Historical map · 1444

Map of the World in 1444

In 1444, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 130 states, empires and other polities in the world. By the land they held , the largest were the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire.

See this map live. The interactive map opens on the World in 1444. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1444 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1444
Atlas map: What the Norse Left (1450)
FROM THE ATLAS · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION, CHAPTER 6: WHAT THE NORSE LEFT (1450)

States and empires in the World in 1444

StateTerritoryWhole stateIn the data
Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty6.0 million km²6.0 million km²1395–1897
Ming Dynasty Wikipedia5.5 million km²5.5 million km²1375–1644
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire Wikipedia5.0 million km²5.0 million km²1375–1467
Khanate of Sibir Wikipedia4.4 million km²4.4 million km²1429–1587
Timurid Empire Wikipedia3.9 million km²3.9 million km²1375–1506
Four Oirats Wikipedia3.4 million km²3.4 million km²1402–1676
Kalmar Union Wikipedia2.5 million km²2.5 million km²1402–1525
Tibet Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1363–1952
Chagatai Khanate Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1294–1462
Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1241–1518
Novgorod Republic Wikipedia1.5 million km²1.5 million km²1056–1481
Golden Horde Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.4 million km²1294–1695
Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.4 million km²1375–1449
Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.3 million km²1.3 million km²922–1806
Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia1.1 million km²1.1 million km²1202–1528
Mali Empire Wikipedia1.1 million km²1.1 million km²1236–1611
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1395–1571
Majapahit Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1294–1518
Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia935,000 km²935,000 km²1260–1618
Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia907,000 km²907,000 km²1294–2024
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Wikipedia744,000 km²744,000 km²1220–1449
Kingdom of France Wikipedia689,000 km²689,000 km²990–1848
Kingdom of Poland Wikipedia569,000 km²569,000 km²962–1449
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia562,000 km²562,000 km²1305–1923
Bahmani Sultanate Wikipedia441,000 km²441,000 km²1352–1491
Vassalage of Jaffna kingdom to Vijayanagara Empire Wikipedia420,000 km²420,000 km²1314–1594
Kingdom of England Wikipedia409,000 km²409,000 km²936–1708
Vijayanagara Empire Wikipedia397,000 km²397,000 km²1344–1571
Ethiopian Empire Wikipedia394,000 km²394,000 km²1272–1935
Marinid Sultanate Wikipedia389,000 km²389,000 km²1250–1467
Rasulid Dynasty Wikipedia379,000 km²379,000 km²1236–1458
Lan Xang Wikipedia377,000 km²377,000 km²1363–1708
Crown of Castile Wikipedia360,000 km²360,000 km²1236–1515
Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia338,000 km²338,000 km²1000–1546
Ayutthaya Kingdom Wikipedia322,000 km²322,000 km²1352–1768
Ashikaga Shogunate Wikipedia321,000 km²321,000 km²1344–1571
Grand Principality of Moscow Wikipedia316,000 km²316,000 km²1294–1546
Sultanate of Bengal Wikipedia307,000 km²307,000 km²1344–1533
Shan States Wikipedia275,000 km²275,000 km²1294–1563
Khmer Empire Wikipedia241,000 km²241,000 km²800–1539

Also on the map: Aq Qoyunlu, Hafsid Dynasty, Makuria Kingdom, Ava Kingdom, Crown of Aragon, Khanate of Kazan, Jaunpur Sultanate, Kashmiri Sultanate, Lê Dynasty, Adal Sultanate, Later Mayan City-States, Kingdom of Kongo, Kingdom of Georgia, Zayyanid dynasty, Alodia, Sind-Samma Dynasty, Livonian Conference, House of Habsburg, Beylik of Karaman, Chimu Empire, Principality of Moldavia, Kingdom of Portugal, Chámpa, Delhi Sultanate, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Mrauk U, Mahdids, Hanthawaddy Kingdom, Duchy of Burgundy, Principality of Wallachia, Serbian Empire, Bahrani Dynasty, Kingdom of Naples, Teutonic Order, Sukhothai Kingdom, House of Valois-Anjou, Ceylon, Sunda Kingdom, Lan Na Kingdom, Kingdom of Bosnia, Beylik of Isfendiyar, Duchy of Bavaria, Shirvan, Republic of Venice, Michoacán, Papal States, Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, Duchy of Brittany, County of Savoy, House of Ascania, House of Bourbon, Beylik of Dulkadir, Duchy of Milan, Emirate of Granada, Empire of Trebizond, Ramadanid Emirate, Byzantine Empire, Pskov Republic, Blue Horde, Sultanate of Kedah, County of Périgord, Electorate of Trier, Aztec Triple Alliance, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Florence, County of Armagnac, Bornu Empire, Despotate of Epirus, County of Nevers, Kingdom of Cyprus, County of Foix, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Touraine, Inca Empire, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Tver, Earldom of Desmond, Tondo, Sultanate of Brunei, County of Béarn, Comtat Venaissin, Ryukyu Kingdom, Patriarchate of Aquileia, Republic of Ragusa, Namayan, County of Auvergne, Kathmandu, Principality of Theodoro, County of Urgell.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1400

New on the map: Khanate of Sibir, Four Oirats, Kalmar Union, Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Aq Qoyunlu, Khanate of Kazan, Lê Dynasty, Adal Sultanate, Kingdom of Kongo, Livonian Conference, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Mrauk U, Shirvan, Duchy of Milan, Aztec Triple Alliance, County of Nevers, Duchy of Luxembourg, Inca Empire, Ryukyu Kingdom.

Gone from the map: Northern Yuan, Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway, Tughlaq Dynasty, Kingdom of Sweden, Jalayirid Sultanate, Kingdom of Denmark, Ngô Dynasty, Ifat Sultanate, Germiyanids, Principality of Smolensk, Beylik of Teke, Serbian Despots, Giudicato of Arborea, Margraviate of Moravia, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Saruhan, Principality of Achaea, Albanian Principalities, Duchy of Brabant, Despotate of Arta, House of Luxembourg, Kingdom of Navarre, Duchy of Aquitaine, Cuzco, Beylik of Aydin, Principality of Valona and Kanina, Beylik of Menteshe, Electorate of Saxony, County of Blôis, Republic of Pisa and others.

What comes next: 1453

Appear by 1453: Nogai Horde, House of Oldenburg, Lodi Dynasty, Crimean Khanate, Haudenosaunee, Qasim Khanate, Ryazan, County of Maine, Duchy of Lorraine, Duchy of Saint Sava, Duchy of Styria.

Gone by 1453: Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Hungary, Sayyid Dynasty, Kingdom of Naples, Sukhothai Kingdom, Blue Horde, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Béarn, Patriarchate of Aquileia.

Read the history of 1444

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in the World in 1444?

The map data draws 130 states and other polities in the World in 1444. The largest by land were the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire, the Khanate of Sibir and the Timurid Empire.

What was the largest empire in the world in 1444?

Of the states on this map, the Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty held the most land in total: about 6.0 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore the World in 1444 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1444, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

World in other years

Other regions in 1444