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Historical map · 1444

Map of Europe in 1444

In 1444, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 75 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, the Kalmar Union and the Polish-Lithuania Kingdom. The Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 5.0 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 1444. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1444 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1444
Atlas map: What the Norse Left (1450)
FROM THE ATLAS · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION, CHAPTER 6: WHAT THE NORSE LEFT (1450)

States and empires in Europe in 1444

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.4 million km²1375–1449
Kalmar Union Wikipedia1.3 million km²2.5 million km²1402–1525
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom Wikipedia1.0 million km²1.0 million km²1395–1571
Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia894,000 km²1.1 million km²1202–1528
Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia894,000 km²1.3 million km²922–1806
Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia894,000 km²935,000 km²1260–1618
Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia894,000 km²907,000 km²1294–2024
Golden Horde Wikipedia752,000 km²1.4 million km²1294–1695
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Wikipedia744,000 km²744,000 km²1220–1449
Novgorod Republic Wikipedia612,000 km²1.5 million km²1056–1481
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia562,000 km²562,000 km²1305–1923
Kingdom of France Wikipedia485,000 km²689,000 km²990–1848
Crown of Castile Wikipedia356,000 km²360,000 km²1236–1515
Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia338,000 km²338,000 km²1000–1546
Kingdom of Poland Wikipedia284,000 km²569,000 km²962–1449
Grand Principality of Moscow Wikipedia260,000 km²316,000 km²1294–1546
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire Wikipedia228,000 km²5.0 million km²1375–1467
Kingdom of England Wikipedia208,000 km²409,000 km²936–1708
Crown of Aragon Wikipedia185,000 km²185,000 km²1169–1515
Hafsid Dynasty Wikipedia171,000 km²224,000 km²1236–1571
Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia160,000 km²1.5 million km²1241–1518
Aq Qoyunlu Wikipedia146,000 km²233,000 km²1407–1511
Zayyanid dynasty Wikipedia126,000 km²126,000 km²1236–1555
Marinid Sultanate Wikipedia125,000 km²389,000 km²1250–1467
Livonian Conference Wikipedia116,000 km²116,000 km²1422–1563
House of Habsburg Wikipedia101,000 km²101,000 km²1260–1515
Kingdom of Georgia Wikipedia101,000 km²128,000 km²1010–1802
Beylik of Karaman Wikipedia100,000 km²100,000 km²1305–1467
Principality of Moldavia Wikipedia98,000 km²98,000 km²1363–1858
Kingdom of Portugal Wikipedia92,000 km²94,000 km²1147–1911
Kingdom of Scotland Wikipedia86,000 km²86,000 km²1294–1608
Duchy of Burgundy Wikipedia75,000 km²75,000 km²1003–1481
Principality of Wallachia Wikipedia74,000 km²74,000 km²1314–1858
Serbian Empire Wikipedia73,000 km²73,000 km²1352–1458
Kingdom of Naples Wikipedia69,000 km²69,000 km²1285–1501
Teutonic Order Wikipedia69,000 km²69,000 km²1236–1525
House of Valois-Anjou Wikipedia63,000 km²63,000 km²1363–1486
Kingdom of Bosnia Wikipedia49,000 km²49,000 km²1385–1481
Beylik of Isfendiyar Wikipedia49,000 km²49,000 km²1305–1462
Duchy of Bavaria Wikipedia48,000 km²48,000 km²1260–1805

Also on the map: Republic of Venice, Papal States, Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, Duchy of Brittany, County of Savoy, House of Ascania, House of Bourbon, Beylik of Dulkadir, Duchy of Milan, Emirate of Granada, Empire of Trebizond, Ramadanid Emirate, Byzantine Empire, Pskov Republic, Blue Horde, County of Périgord, Electorate of Trier, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Florence, County of Armagnac, Despotate of Epirus, County of Nevers, Kingdom of Cyprus, County of Foix, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Touraine, Tver, Earldom of Desmond, County of Béarn, Comtat Venaissin, Patriarchate of Aquileia, Republic of Ragusa, County of Auvergne, Principality of Theodoro, County of Urgell.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1400

New on the map: Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Kalmar Union, Aq Qoyunlu, Livonian Conference, Duchy of Milan, County of Nevers, Duchy of Luxembourg.

Gone from the map: Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, Germiyanids, Jalayirid Sultanate, Timurid Empire, Kingdom of Denmark, Principality of Smolensk, Beylik of Teke, Serbian Despots, Giudicato of Arborea, Margraviate of Moravia, Despotate of Vidin, Beylik of Saruhan, Principality of Achaea, Albanian Principalities, Duchy of Brabant, Despotate of Arta, House of Luxembourg, Kingdom of Navarre, Duchy of Aquitaine, Beylik of Aydin, Principality of Valona and Kanina, Beylik of Menteshe, Electorate of Saxony, County of Blôis, Republic of Pisa, House of Tocco, Isle of Man.

What comes next: 1453

Appear by 1453: House of Oldenburg, Crimean Khanate, Qasim Khanate, Ryazan, County of Maine, Duchy of Lorraine, Duchy of Saint Sava, Duchy of Styria.

Gone by 1453: Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Naples, Blue Horde, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Béarn, Patriarchate of Aquileia.

Read the history of 1444

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 1444?

The map data draws 75 states and other polities in Europe in 1444. The largest by land were the Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary, the Kalmar Union, the Polish-Lithuania Kingdom, the Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 1444?

Of the states on this map, the Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire held the most land in total: about 5.0 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 1444 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1444, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 1444