Skip to content
Maps of History Start free

Historical map · AD 1

Map of Europe in AD 1

In AD 1, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 18 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Roman Empire, Mauretania and the Parthian Empire.

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in AD 1. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN AD 1 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about AD 1
Atlas map: Augustus (30 Bc)
FROM THE ATLAS · ROME, CHAPTER 6: AUGUSTUS (30 BC)

States and empires in Europe in AD 1

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Roman Empire Wikipedia2.8 million km²3.5 million km²31 BC–AD 632
Mauretania Wikipedia215,000 km²215,000 km²212 BC–AD 42
Parthian Empire Wikipedia174,000 km²2.7 million km²239 BC–AD 237
Kingdom of Armenia Wikipedia150,000 km²217,000 km²326 BC–AD 646
Thracian Kingdom Wikipedia90,000 km²90,000 km²87 BC–AD 50
Kingdom of Cappadocia Wikipedia87,000 km²87,000 km²239 BC–AD 22
Kingdom of Pontus Wikipedia80,000 km²80,000 km²281 BC–AD 67
Kingdom of Osroene Wikipedia50,000 km²50,000 km²63 BC–AD 214
Caucasian Iberia Wikipedia32,000 km²36,000 km²63 BC–AD 533
Lazica Wikipedia28,000 km²28,000 km²63 BC–AD 777
Cimmerian Bosporus Wikipedia25,000 km²25,000 km²404 BC–AD 372
Greek City-States Wikipedia24,000 km²24,000 km²800 BC–AD 83
Kingdom of Sophene Wikipedia24,000 km²24,000 km²256 BC–AD 113
Kingdom of Gordyene Wikipedia14,000 km²14,000 km²63 BC–AD 259
Kingdom of Adiabene Wikipedia14,000 km²14,000 km²63 BC–AD 370
Kingdom of Commagene Wikipedia9,640 km²9,640 km²63 BC–AD 77
Caucasian Albania Wikipedia2,050 km²50,000 km²63 BC–AD 509
Judea Wikipedia1,110 km²32,000 km²144 BC–AD 5

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 100 BC

New on the map: Roman Empire, Thracian Kingdom, Kingdom of Osroene, Caucasian Iberia, Lazica, Kingdom of Gordyene, Kingdom of Adiabene, Kingdom of Commagene, Caucasian Albania, Judea.

Gone from the map: Roman Republic, Kingdom of Numidia, Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Bithynia, Ptolemaic Kingdom.

What comes next: 100

Appear by 100: Goths.

Gone by 100: Mauretania, Thracian Kingdom, Kingdom of Cappadocia, Kingdom of Pontus, Greek City-States, Kingdom of Commagene, Judea.

Read the history of AD 1

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in AD 1?

The map data draws 18 states and other polities in Europe in AD 1. The largest by land were the Roman Empire, Mauretania, the Parthian Empire, the Kingdom of Armenia and the Thracian Kingdom.

What was the largest empire in Europe in AD 1?

Of the states on this map, the Roman Empire held the most land in total: about 3.5 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in AD 1 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at AD 1, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in AD 1