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Historical map · 1918

Map of Europe in 1918

In 1918, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 34 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia), the German Empire and the French Third Republic. The British Empire reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 41.2 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 1918. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1918 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1918
Atlas map: Breaking Points (Nov 1917)
FROM THE ATLAS · WWI, CHAPTER 10: BREAKING POINTS (NOV 1917)

States and empires in Europe in 1918

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia)1.4 million km²2.5 million km²1918–1919
German Empire Wikipedia1.4 million km²1.4 million km²1871–1918
French Third Republic Wikipedia1.1 million km²13.3 million km²1871–1939
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia946,000 km²1.1 million km²1305–1923
Austria-Hungary Wikipedia929,000 km²929,000 km²1868–1918
Anti-Bolshevik Russia (White governments)659,000 km²17.8 million km²1918–1919
French Africa Wikipedia568,000 km²11.3 million km²1846–1957
British Empire Wikipedia522,000 km²41.2 million km²1706–1999
Kingdom of Spain Wikipedia509,000 km²854,000 km²1516–2024
Spanish Empire Wikipedia509,000 km²854,000 km²1516–1931
Kingdom of Sweden Wikipedia456,000 km²456,000 km²980–2024
Republic of Finland Wikipedia374,000 km²374,000 km²1918–2024
United Kingdom Wikipedia369,000 km²762,000 km²1709–2024
Kingdom of Norway Wikipedia343,000 km²344,000 km²1814–2024
Kingdom of Italy Wikipedia272,000 km²272,000 km²587–1946
Kingdom of Bulgaria Wikipedia143,000 km²143,000 km²1909–1946
Kingdom of Iceland Wikipedia111,000 km²111,000 km²1918–1943
Greece Wikipedia102,000 km²102,000 km²1822–1940
British Africa Wikipedia93,000 km²10.4 million km²1885–1960
Portuguese Republic Wikipedia92,000 km²2.0 million km²1911–1925
Georgia Wikipedia54,000 km²70,000 km²567–2024
Poland (Second Polish Republic) Wikipedia51,000 km²51,000 km²1918–1939
Denmark Wikipedia48,000 km²48,000 km²1046–1940
Swiss Confederation Wikipedia41,000 km²41,000 km²1294–2024
Netherlands Wikipedia38,000 km²2.1 million km²1811–2024
Kingdom of Belgium Wikipedia30,000 km²31,000 km²1830–2024
Serbia Wikipedia18,000 km²18,000 km²1094–1918
Qajar Iran Wikipedia15,000 km²1.5 million km²1788–1923
Kingdom of Hejaz Wikipedia15,000 km²434,000 km²1916–1925
First Republic of Armenia9,370 km²17,000 km²1918–1919
Albania Wikipedia5,410 km²5,410 km²1912–2024
United States of America Wikipedia1,410 km²9.9 million km²1776–2024
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic440 km²87,000 km²1918–1919
Principality of Andorra Wikipedia380 km²380 km²1815–2024

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1914

New on the map: Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia), Anti-Bolshevik Russia (White governments), Republic of Finland, Kingdom of Iceland, British Africa, Georgia, Poland (Second Polish Republic), Serbia, Kingdom of Hejaz, First Republic of Armenia, United States of America, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

Gone from the map: Russian Empire, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Luxembourg.

What comes next: 1920

Appear by 1920: Republics of the Soviet Union, Weimar Republic, Kingdom of Romania, Yugoslavia, French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Hungary, Republic of Austria, Republic of Latvia, Republic of Lithuania, Estonia, Free City of Danzig, Luxembourg, Klaipėda Region (Allied administration).

Gone by 1920: Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia), German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Anti-Bolshevik Russia (White governments), Serbia, Kingdom of Hejaz, First Republic of Armenia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

Read the history of 1918

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 1918?

The map data draws 34 states and other polities in Europe in 1918. The largest by land were Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia), the German Empire, the French Third Republic, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 1918?

Of the states on this map, the British Empire held the most land in total: about 41.2 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 1918 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1918, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 1918