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Historical map · 100 BC

Map of Europe in 100 BC

In 100 BC, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 13 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Roman Republic, the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Numidia. The Parthian Empire reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 2.2 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 100 BC. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 100 BC ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 100 BC
Atlas map: The Republic Breaks (62 Bc)
FROM THE ATLAS · ROME, CHAPTER 4: THE REPUBLIC BREAKS (62 BC)

States and empires in Europe in 100 BC

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Roman Republic1.2 million km²1.2 million km²500 BC–32 BC
Parthian Empire Wikipedia317,000 km²2.2 million km²239 BC–AD 237
Kingdom of Numidia Wikipedia254,000 km²307,000 km²197 BC–47 BC
Kingdom of Pontus Wikipedia214,000 km²214,000 km²281 BC–AD 67
Kingdom of Armenia Wikipedia132,000 km²132,000 km²326 BC–AD 646
Greek City-States Wikipedia89,000 km²89,000 km²800 BC–AD 83
Kingdom of Cappadocia Wikipedia89,000 km²89,000 km²239 BC–AD 22
Seleucid Empire Wikipedia84,000 km²92,000 km²318 BC–64 BC
Mauretania Wikipedia69,000 km²69,000 km²212 BC–AD 42
Kingdom of Bithynia Wikipedia30,000 km²30,000 km²333 BC–67 BC
Cimmerian Bosporus Wikipedia25,000 km²25,000 km²404 BC–AD 372
Kingdom of Sophene Wikipedia17,000 km²17,000 km²256 BC–AD 113
Ptolemaic Kingdom Wikipedia11,000 km²567,000 km²331 BC–28 BC

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 200 BC

New on the map: Parthian Empire, Kingdom of Numidia, Kingdom of Armenia.

Gone from the map: Carthage, Antigonid Macedonia, Galatia, Kingdom of Pergamon, Paphlagonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League.

What comes next: AD 1

Appear by AD 1: Roman Empire, Thracian Kingdom, Kingdom of Osroene, Caucasian Iberia, Lazica, Kingdom of Gordyene, Kingdom of Adiabene, Kingdom of Commagene, Caucasian Albania, Judea.

Gone by AD 1: Roman Republic, Kingdom of Numidia, Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Bithynia, Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Read the history of 100 BC

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 100 BC?

The map data draws 13 states and other polities in Europe in 100 BC. The largest by land were the Roman Republic, the Parthian Empire, the Kingdom of Numidia, the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 100 BC?

Of the states on this map, the Parthian Empire held the most land in total: about 2.2 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 100 BC interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 100 BC, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 100 BC