Skip to content
Maps of History Start free

Historical map · 900

Map of Europe in 900

In 900, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 68 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Carolingian Empire, the Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire and Kievan Rus'. The Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 2.9 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 900. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 900 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 900
Atlas map: Iceland: A Society on a Volcanic Island (930)
FROM THE ATLAS · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION, CHAPTER 3: ICELAND: A SOCIETY ON A VOLCANIC ISLAND (930)

States and empires in Europe in 900

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Carolingian Empire Wikipedia1.2 million km²1.2 million km²462–989
Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire Wikipedia1.2 million km²1.7 million km²850–910
Kievan Rus' Wikipedia986,000 km²986,000 km²880–1240
Byzantine Empire Wikipedia634,000 km²634,000 km²633–1474
Khazaria Wikipedia475,000 km²748,000 km²630–979
Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate Wikipedia426,000 km²2.9 million km²866–1138
Abbasid Caliphate Wikipedia426,000 km²2.4 million km²750–1259
Emirate of Córdoba Wikipedia406,000 km²406,000 km²757–935
West Franks Wikipedia375,000 km²375,000 km²850–989
First Bulgarian Empire Wikipedia315,000 km²315,000 km²682–1017
Old Kingdom of Norway Wikipedia281,000 km²281,000 km²866–1401
Rustamid dynasty Wikipedia249,000 km²470,000 km²778–910
Kingdom of Lower Burgundy Wikipedia243,000 km²243,000 km²860–935
Scandinavian minor kingdoms Wikipedia228,000 km²228,000 km²800–1002
Principality of Hungary Wikipedia172,000 km²172,000 km²900–999
Aghlabid Dynasty Wikipedia153,000 km²246,000 km²800–910
Idrisids Wikipedia140,000 km²195,000 km²793–979
Tulunids Wikipedia133,000 km²974,000 km²875–910
Kingdom of Asturias Wikipedia128,000 km²128,000 km²724–925
Magyars Wikipedia108,000 km²108,000 km²840–910
Bagratid Armenia Wikipedia78,000 km²98,000 km²886–1045
Anglo-Saxon England Wikipedia74,000 km²74,000 km²441–935
Kingdom of Wessex Wikipedia58,000 km²58,000 km²534–935
Georgia Wikipedia58,000 km²87,000 km²567–2024
Danelaw Wikipedia54,000 km²54,000 km²878–959
Brythonic Kingdoms Wikipedia54,000 km²74,000 km²439–1284
Viking settlements Wikipedia48,000 km²48,000 km²793–1332
Kingdom of Brittany Wikipedia46,000 km²46,000 km²825–921
Duchy of Bohemia Wikipedia45,000 km²45,000 km²896–1002
Kingdom of Alba Wikipedia42,000 km²42,000 km²900–1293
Upper Burgundy Wikipedia41,000 km²41,000 km²887–959
Principality of Serbia38,000 km²38,000 km²768–961
Nitra Wikipedia26,000 km²26,000 km²898–910
Kingdom of the Iberians Wikipedia25,000 km²25,000 km²814–999
Emirate of Sicily Wikipedia23,000 km²23,000 km²850–1093
County of Ribagorza Wikipedia21,000 km²21,000 km²866–1084
Great Moravia Wikipedia21,000 km²21,000 km²814–910
Duchy of Croatia Wikipedia21,000 km²21,000 km²741–925
Principality of Salerno Wikipedia18,000 km²18,000 km²840–1084
Papal States Wikipedia16,000 km²16,000 km²755–1870

Also on the map: Kingdom of Northumbria, Obotrites, Duchy of Benevento, Cyprus Condominium, Giudicato of Cagliari, Strathclyde, Kingdom of Seisyllwg, Giudicato of Logudoro, Emirate of Nekor, Sajid Dynasty, Kingdom of Gwynedd, County of Barcelona, Barghawata Conference, Emirate of Crete, County of Pallars, County of Rosellón, Giudicato of Gallura, Cornwall, County of Berga, Giudicato of Arborea, County of Aragon, County of Urgell, Republic of Venice, County of Besalú, Kingdom of Brycheiniog, Kingdom of Morgannwg, Kingdom of Gwent, Duchy of Naples.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 800

New on the map: Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire, Kievan Rus', Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate, West Franks, Old Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, Principality of Hungary, Tulunids, Magyars, Bagratid Armenia, Kingdom of Wessex, Danelaw, Kingdom of Brittany, Duchy of Bohemia, Kingdom of Alba, Upper Burgundy, Nitra, Kingdom of the Iberians, Emirate of Sicily, County of Ribagorza, Great Moravia, Principality of Salerno, Giudicato of Cagliari, Kingdom of Seisyllwg, Giudicato of Logudoro, Sajid Dynasty, County of Barcelona, Emirate of Crete, County of Pallars, County of Rosellón and others.

Gone from the map: Avar Khaganate, Kingdom of Mercia, Dál Riata, Breton Kingdoms, Duchy of Gascony, Kingdom of Powys.

What comes next: 1000

Appear by 1000: Holy Roman Empire, Caliphate of Córdoba, Allegiance of Duchy of Aquitaine to Kingdom of France, Kingdom of France, Fatimid Caliphate, Hamdanid Emirates, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Arles, Icelandic Commonwealth, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Croatia, Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Gascony, Kingdom of Vaspurakan, Kingdom of Castile, Duchy of Normandy, Duchy of Brittany, County of Rouergue, Jaemtland, County of Champagne, County of Toulouse, County of Flanders, County of Vermandois, County of Maine, County of Blôis, County of Anjou, Kingdom of Powys and others.

Gone by 1000: Carolingian Empire, Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire, Khazaria, Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate, Emirate of Córdoba, West Franks, Rustamid dynasty, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, Principality of Hungary, Aghlabid Dynasty, Idrisids, Tulunids, Kingdom of Asturias, Magyars, Anglo-Saxon England, Kingdom of Wessex, Danelaw, Kingdom of Brittany, Upper Burgundy, Principality of Serbia, Nitra, Kingdom of the Iberians, Great Moravia, Duchy of Croatia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Obotrites, Cyprus Condominium, Kingdom of Seisyllwg, Sajid Dynasty, Emirate of Crete and others.

Read the history of 900

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 900?

The map data draws 68 states and other polities in Europe in 900. The largest by land were the Carolingian Empire, the Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire, Kievan Rus', the Byzantine Empire and Khazaria.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 900?

Of the states on this map, the Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate held the most land in total: about 2.9 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 900 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 900, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 900