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Historical map · 1800

Map of Europe in 1800

In 1800, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 39 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Swedish Empire. The Spanish Empire reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 23.1 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 1800. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1800 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1800
Atlas map: Cotton and the Factory (1800)
FROM THE ATLAS · THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, CHAPTER 2: COTTON AND THE FACTORY (1800)

States and empires in Europe in 1800

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Russian Empire Wikipedia2.8 million km²16.6 million km²1721–1916
Ottoman Empire Wikipedia1.6 million km²2.7 million km²1305–1923
Swedish Empire Wikipedia785,000 km²785,000 km²1612–1814
Habsburg Monarchy Wikipedia736,000 km²1.5 million km²1459–1805
French Consulate Wikipedia612,000 km²1.3 million km²1800–1804
Denmark Wikipedia522,000 km²523,000 km²1046–1940
Spanish Empire Wikipedia501,000 km²23.1 million km²1516–1931
Kingdom of Spain Wikipedia501,000 km²501,000 km²1516–2024
United Kingdom Wikipedia342,000 km²342,000 km²1709–2024
British Empire Wikipedia342,000 km²4.2 million km²1706–1999
Kingdom of Prussia Wikipedia312,000 km²312,000 km²1702–1863
Regency of Algiers Wikipedia212,000 km²212,000 km²1706–1845
Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia144,000 km²288,000 km²922–1806
Morocco Wikipedia124,000 km²388,000 km²1670–2024
Portuguese Empire Wikipedia92,000 km²15.9 million km²1502–1910
Kingdom of Portugal Wikipedia92,000 km²96,000 km²1147–1911
Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic) Wikipedia91,000 km²91,000 km²1762–1814
Beylik of Tunis Wikipedia85,000 km²88,000 km²1706–1884
Principality of Wallachia Wikipedia74,000 km²74,000 km²1314–1858
Principality of Moldavia Wikipedia70,000 km²70,000 km²1363–1858
Kingdom of Sardinia Wikipedia62,000 km²62,000 km²1721–1861
Duchy of Bavaria Wikipedia45,000 km²45,000 km²1260–1805
Helvetic Republic Wikipedia39,000 km²39,000 km²1799–1814
Papal States Wikipedia39,000 km²39,000 km²755–1870
Batavian Republic Wikipedia36,000 km²521,000 km²1796–1810
Electorate of Saxony Wikipedia33,000 km²33,000 km²1363–1805
Electorate of Hanover Wikipedia32,000 km²32,000 km²1709–1802
Kingdom of Georgia Wikipedia28,000 km²55,000 km²1010–1802
Qajar Iran Wikipedia25,000 km²1.7 million km²1788–1923
Kingdom of Imereti Wikipedia11,000 km²11,000 km²1468–1810
Principality of Abkhazia Wikipedia10,000 km²10,000 km²1468–1829
Cispadane Republic Wikipedia7,080 km²7,080 km²1800–1802
Principality of Mingrelia Wikipedia5,030 km²5,030 km²1468–1810
Principality of Guria Wikipedia3,720 km²3,720 km²1468–1829
Septinsular Republic Wikipedia3,000 km²3,000 km²1800–1819
Principality of Svaneti Wikipedia2,500 km²2,500 km²1721–1833
Republic of Ragusa Wikipedia1,510 km²1,510 km²1385–1808
Grand Duchy of Tuscany Wikipedia1,030 km²1,030 km²1797–1848
County of Urgell Wikipedia310 km²310 km²870–1808

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 1789

New on the map: French Consulate, Helvetic Republic, Batavian Republic, Qajar Iran, Cispadane Republic, Septinsular Republic, Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Gone from the map: Kingdom of France, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Republic of Venice, Swiss Confederation, Dutch Republic, Duchy of Courland, Khanates of the Caucasus, Republic of Genoa, Karamanli Dynasty, Comtat Venaissin.

What comes next: 1815

Appear by 1815: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Austrian Empire, Kingdom of France (Bourbon Restoration), German Confederation, Company rule in India (British East India Company), Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Kingdom of Bavaria, Netherlands, Serbia, Swiss Confederation, Kingdom of Württemberg, Grand Duchy of Berg, Grand Duchy of Baden, Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg, Electorate of Hesse, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of Modena and Reggio, Duchy of Nassau, Duchy of Oldenburg, Duchy of Brunswick, Principality of Reuss-Gera, Free City of Lübeck, Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Altenburg, Free City of Krakow, Duchy of Anhalt, Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Free City of Hamburg and others.

Gone by 1815: Swedish Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, French Consulate, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic), Duchy of Bavaria, Helvetic Republic, Batavian Republic, Electorate of Saxony, Electorate of Hanover, Kingdom of Georgia, Kingdom of Imereti, Cispadane Republic, Principality of Mingrelia, Republic of Ragusa, County of Urgell.

Read the history of 1800

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 1800?

The map data draws 39 states and other polities in Europe in 1800. The largest by land were the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Swedish Empire, Habsburg Monarchy and French Consulate.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 1800?

Of the states on this map, the Spanish Empire held the most land in total: about 23.1 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 1800 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1800, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 1800