Skip to content
Maps of History Start free

Historical map · 1000

Map of Europe in 1000

In 1000, the historical border data behind our interactive map draws 69 states, empires and other polities in Europe. By the land they held inside this region, the largest were Kievan Rus', the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The Fatimid Caliphate reached well beyond Europe: its whole territory measured about 1.9 million km².

See this map live. The interactive map opens on Europe in 1000. Zoom in, move the year slider to watch the borders change, or ask the history guide a question and it draws the answer on the map.

OPEN 1000 ON THE MAP →Ask the history guide about 1000
Atlas map: Greenland and Vinland (1021)
FROM THE ATLAS · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION, CHAPTER 4: GREENLAND AND VINLAND (1021)

States and empires in Europe in 1000

StateIn this regionWhole stateIn the data
Kievan Rus' Wikipedia1.2 million km²1.2 million km²880–1240
Byzantine Empire Wikipedia864,000 km²864,000 km²633–1474
Holy Roman Empire Wikipedia700,000 km²1.4 million km²922–1806
Caliphate of Córdoba Wikipedia510,000 km²564,000 km²936–1071
Allegiance of Duchy of Aquitaine to Kingdom of France Wikipedia419,000 km²525,000 km²990–1439
Kingdom of France Wikipedia419,000 km²468,000 km²990–1848
Fatimid Caliphate Wikipedia347,000 km²1.9 million km²911–1176
Old Kingdom of Norway Wikipedia293,000 km²293,000 km²866–1401
Hamdanid Emirates Wikipedia285,000 km²399,000 km²936–1259
First Bulgarian Empire Wikipedia281,000 km²281,000 km²682–1017
Kingdom of Hungary Wikipedia271,000 km²271,000 km²1000–1546
Kingdom of Poland Wikipedia248,000 km²495,000 km²962–1449
Kingdom of León Wikipedia133,000 km²133,000 km²911–1235
Kingdom of England Wikipedia132,000 km²265,000 km²936–1708
Kingdom of Arles Wikipedia117,000 km²117,000 km²936–1384
Icelandic Commonwealth Wikipedia111,000 km²111,000 km²936–1271
Kingdom of Sweden Wikipedia91,000 km²91,000 km²980–2024
Kingdom of Croatia Wikipedia90,000 km²90,000 km²926–1098
Kingdom of Denmark Wikipedia82,000 km²164,000 km²936–1406
Duchy of Bohemia Wikipedia81,000 km²81,000 km²896–1002
Georgia Wikipedia57,000 km²61,000 km²567–2024
Scandinavian minor kingdoms Wikipedia54,000 km²54,000 km²800–1002
Kingdom of Alba Wikipedia49,000 km²49,000 km²900–1293
Brythonic Kingdoms Wikipedia43,000 km²62,000 km²439–1284
Buyid Dynasty Wikipedia41,000 km²1.1 million km²750–1259
Duchy of Gascony Wikipedia40,000 km²40,000 km²768–1065
Kingdom of Vaspurakan Wikipedia40,000 km²41,000 km²911–1027
Kingdom of Castile Wikipedia40,000 km²40,000 km²961–1235
Duchy of Normandy Wikipedia38,000 km²38,000 km²922–1071
Duchy of Brittany Wikipedia37,000 km²37,000 km²947–1491
Bagratid Armenia Wikipedia33,000 km²53,000 km²886–1045
County of Rouergue Wikipedia28,000 km²28,000 km²990–1065
Jaemtland Wikipedia26,000 km²26,000 km²947–1187
County of Ribagorza Wikipedia26,000 km²26,000 km²866–1084
County of Champagne Wikipedia25,000 km²25,000 km²990–1284
Emirate of Sicily Wikipedia22,000 km²22,000 km²850–1093
County of Toulouse Wikipedia21,000 km²21,000 km²990–1249
County of Flanders Wikipedia19,000 km²19,000 km²990–1384
County of Vermandois Wikipedia17,000 km²17,000 km²990–1215
Papal States Wikipedia16,000 km²16,000 km²755–1870

Also on the map: County of Maine, Duchy of Benevento, County of Blôis, Giudicato of Cagliari, County of Anjou, Strathclyde, Viking settlements, Giudicato of Logudoro, Republic of Venice, Emirate of Nekor, Kingdom of Gwynedd, County of Barcelona, Barghawata Conference, Principality of Salerno, County of Pallars, Giudicato of Gallura, Kingdom of Powys, County of Vexin, County of Berga, Giudicato of Arborea, County of Rosellón, County of Urgell, County of Osona, Kingdom of Brycheiniog, Kingdom of Morgannwg, Kingdom of Gwent, Duchy of Naples, County of Ampuria, Principality of Capua.

"In the data" gives the first and last year the dataset draws the state under this identity; states often existed earlier or later in another form.

What changed since 900

New on the map: Holy Roman Empire, Caliphate of Córdoba, Allegiance of Duchy of Aquitaine to Kingdom of France, Kingdom of France, Fatimid Caliphate, Hamdanid Emirates, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Arles, Icelandic Commonwealth, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Croatia, Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Gascony, Kingdom of Vaspurakan, Kingdom of Castile, Duchy of Normandy, Duchy of Brittany, County of Rouergue, Jaemtland, County of Champagne, County of Toulouse, County of Flanders, County of Vermandois, County of Maine, County of Blôis, County of Anjou, Kingdom of Powys and others.

Gone from the map: Carolingian Empire, Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire, Khazaria, Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate, Emirate of Córdoba, West Franks, Rustamid dynasty, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, Principality of Hungary, Aghlabid Dynasty, Idrisids, Tulunids, Kingdom of Asturias, Magyars, Anglo-Saxon England, Kingdom of Wessex, Danelaw, Kingdom of Brittany, Upper Burgundy, Principality of Serbia, Nitra, Kingdom of the Iberians, Great Moravia, Duchy of Croatia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Obotrites, Cyprus Condominium, Kingdom of Seisyllwg, Sajid Dynasty, Emirate of Crete and others.

What comes next: 1100

Appear by 1100: Great Seljuk Empire, Kimek-Kipchak confederation, Halych-Volhynia occupation, Almoravid Dynasty, Novgorod Republic, Principality of Chernigov, Norman England, Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, Principality of Kiev, Principality of Polotsky, Sultanate of Rum, Principality of Smolensk, Principality of Pereyaslavl, Principality of Volhynia, Norman Italy, Danishmendids, Principality of Ryazan, Principality of Terebovlia, Kingdom of Georgia, Taifas of Iberia, Principality of Peremyshl, Hammadid Dynasty, Zirid dynasty, Taifa of Zaragoza, Kingdom of Aragon, Taifa of Dénia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Grand Principality of Serbia, County of Edessa, Kingdom of the Isles and others.

Gone by 1100: Caliphate of Córdoba, Fatimid Caliphate, First Bulgarian Empire, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Croatia, Duchy of Bohemia, Georgia, Scandinavian minor kingdoms, Buyid Dynasty, Duchy of Gascony, Kingdom of Vaspurakan, Duchy of Normandy, Bagratid Armenia, County of Rouergue, County of Ribagorza, Emirate of Sicily, Duchy of Benevento, Strathclyde, Emirate of Nekor, Barghawata Conference, Principality of Salerno, County of Pallars, County of Vexin, Kingdom of Brycheiniog, Kingdom of Morgannwg, Kingdom of Gwent, Principality of Capua.

Read the history of 1000

Guided atlas chapters set near this date, each with its own map, causes and consequences:

Questions about this map

Which countries were in Europe in 1000?

The map data draws 69 states and other polities in Europe in 1000. The largest by land were Kievan Rus', the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Caliphate of Córdoba and the Allegiance of Duchy of Aquitaine to Kingdom of France.

What was the largest empire in Europe in 1000?

Of the states on this map, the Fatimid Caliphate held the most land in total: about 1.9 million km² in the reconstruction used here. Ancient and frontier borders are approximate, so treat areas as estimates.

Can I explore Europe in 1000 interactively?

Yes. Open the interactive map at 1000, zoom into any region, move through the years, and ask the history guide questions: it answers in plain words and draws places, armies and borders on the map.

About these borders

The borders come from Cliopatria (v0.2.1, Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0), the dataset behind our interactive map, with our audited name and border corrections. It records each state's territory year by year from 3400 BC to 2024. Borders before modern surveys are reconstructions: the data draws a state where it held control, and frontier zones, nomadic realms and loose overlordships are approximate. Areas are measured on an equal-area projection. Read how we make our maps.

Europe in other years

Other regions in 1000